Cognitive Interventions Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Interventions Essay Introduction Cognitive behavior therapy includes many types of therapy and can be applied in a variety of circumstances. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is most commonly known for use on clients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, DBT is becoming more popular and often used when working with adolescents. Some adolescents participate in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Counselors find DBT is an effective therapy to help youth acquire the coping skills needed to stop NSSI. A review of DBT, and adolescents suffering with NSSI will better help one to understand why this technique is beneficial. NonSuicidal Self-Injury NSSI is defined as the direct and intentional destruction of ones own body tissue without an intent to die. Therefore, any form of self mutilation not intending to result in suicide qualifies as NSSI. The number of adolescents practicing NSSI is alarming. Youth practicing NSSI include both sexes and every racial and ethnic group. This alarming behavior is not secluded to any particular type of adolescent. NSSI often appears in the form of cutting with sharp objects, scratching, hitting, burning, and inserting objects under the skin. These behaviors typically develop between the ages of 12-14, indicating that adolescent years are particularly vulnerable to such practices. In addition to NSSI, these behaviors are often in conjunction with other self-harming behaviors like eating disorders, substance abuse, and depression. Puberty can be an extremely difficult time for many people and adolescents cannot reason and rationalize as adults can; therefore, youth often develop self-harming issues because they lack proper coping skills. Last, NSSI specifically refers to injuries not acquired while attempting suicide; however, 50-75% of those with a history of NSSI have also attempted suicide at least once. As one can see, NSSI is an alarming behavior that needs attention (Choate, 2012). Addressing the Issue NSSI is a prevalent and serious issue that must be properly handled. Counselors and people working with NSSI youth must have an understanding of the complexity of this matter and be familiar with treatment options. DBT is an excellent method to attempt to help adolescents overcome NSSI behavior. The effectiveness of DBT has been shown in at least seven controlled trials conducted by four independent research teams. DBT shows the most improvement, when compared to prior therapy options, to treat NSSI (Choate, 2012). DBT uses a comprehensive multimodal 16-week treatment approach for NSSI. The multimodal addresses skills for interpersonal effectiveness, self-regulation, and distress tolerance; provides structure to motivate, reinforce, individualize, and generalize these skills; and identifies and alters learned behavior patterns leading to NSSI. This therapy treatment includes individual therapy, family therapy, multifamily training groups, and telephone consultations for those involved in the process. Additionally, a support team for the counselors is a part of this process. Counseling NSSI adolescents is an extremely stressful position so it is important for counselors to have professional peers to share their thoughts. DBT therapy for NSSI adolescents can be practiced in many settings, including inpatient or outpatient treatment (Choate, 2012). Interventions and Techniques Individual Therapy A primary counselor is paired with the adolescent through the DBT process. The relationship between the primary counselor and the client is extremely important. The key goal for the counselor is to help the adolescent develop skills for coping with stressful thoughts, events, and emotions. An important aspect in the client therapist relationship is for the counselor to convey acceptance, validity, and trust. The primary counselor needs to remain calm and listen with interest yet without showing much emotion. A client must not see a counselor react to stories of self-harm in the way a parent or peer might react. The goal for the counselor is to show an understanding of the self-harming behavior while conveying acceptance and validating the adolescents thoughts and actions (Choate, 2012). The counselor shows acceptance; however, the goal is to create change. Although the counselor balances acceptance and change, the counselor continually challenges the client to alter any negative behavior hindering ones life quality. Ultimately the thought is that acceptance and validation will facilitate self-change while change will facilitate self-acceptance. If the adolescent is reluctant to change the harmful behavior, the counselor may spend more sessions building trust and showing validation before attempting change. Additionally, a client may find it difficult to trust the counselor is the client believes the counselor will report NSSI episodes to the adolescents parents. A balance must be created between client trust, parental rights, and confidentiality. With a proper balance allowing the youth comfort, yet abiding by regulations, an adolescent will be able to build the relationship required to develop change (Choate, 2012). Assessments should be conducted during the initial interviews with the client. These initial evaluations are either conducted informally with an interview or formally with a structured interview and self-report tool. The DBT model allows the counselor to integrate assessment results into four DBT target treatment areas. Specific behaviors and areas are written into a treatment plan with goals for the client (Choate, 2012). Target areas: A) Decreasing life-threatening behaviors B) Decreasing behaviors that interfere with therapy C) Decreasing behaviors that interfere with life quality D) Increasing behavioral skills (Choate, 2012). As the treatment begins, the goal is to help the client determine the events, thoughts, or feelings one has prior to the NSSI occurrence. If one can determine factors contributing to the negative behavior, one can start to alter circumstances leading to NSSI and ultimately change the behavior. Clients are asked to maintain diary cards documenting behaviors and actions surrounding NSSI behavior. The diary cards address problem behaviors, immediate prior events leading to problem behavior, vulnerability factors, entire chains of events prior to problem behavior, and consequences from the behavior. Upon review of the cards the counselor can help the client identify triggers of NSSI behavior and find alternative life choices or thoughts to cope better with given situations (Choate, 2012). Multifamily Skills Training Groups The individual session emphasizes focus on assessment, client trust, and identifying the problem. Along with identifying problems, individual therapy does encourage behavior change. However, multifamily group therapy focuses on skill sets needed to facilitate change. To implement behavior changes and develop coping skills, the adolescents must be aware of thoughts, feelings, and actions; tolerate the pain and stress associated with unpleasant life events, regulate emotions better, and become effective at communicating emotions. The DBT approach focuses on building four essential skills: A) Mindfulness B) Distress tolerance C) Emotion regulation D) Interpersonal effectiveness Additionally, a fifth skill was added: Walking the middle path (Choate, 2012). Skill Sets Skill Set One: Core Mindfulness Mindfulness is acknowledging ones emotions, thoughts, and physical experiences without trying to end them, numb them, or avoid them. Learning to observe, describe, and experience emotions without judgment and while in control of ones attention is the core of mindfulness. As adolescents become more aware of emotions in the present, they develop a better understanding of their own emotions and reactions (Choate, 2012). DBT uses a model with three states of mind to teach mindfulness. The three mind-states are reasonable mind, emotion mind, and wise mind. Reasonable mind is controlled primarily by logic. Emotion mind is regulated significantly by emotions. Wise mind synthesizes all the ways of knowing to develop knowing through intuition, using deep inner wisdom. Often time groups sessions will use acting or charades to have participants learn to understand these types of mindfulness (Choate, 2012). Group members are taught to observe their thoughts by awareness. The clients are encouraged not to multitask but rather to focus on one task at a time. The exercise of focusing on one task at a time is referred to as one-mindfulness. Focusing on one aspect at a time allows the client to recognize and understand the emotions related to the specific task. Skill Set Two: Emotion Regulation Emotion regulation helps group members learn to recognize, observe, and describe emotions. Additionally, this skill set teaches one to regulate intense and painful emotions, regulate vulnerability to negative emotions, and increase positive emotions. The clients begin to realize they have control over their emotions and behaviors. When one learns to alter responses to emotions it is both empowering and liberating (Choate, 2012). Ways of teaching emotion recognition often include listening to music or watching a movie. The goal is to have the client react to something, recognize, and observe ones own emotion. As clients recognize emotions they are asked to discuss the responses both mentally and physically connected with the emotional reactions. Group members are taught to respond to ones own emotions with self-compassion and acceptance. Often one may believe an emotional response is wrong, silly, or unjustified. Once one understands that every emotion is justified one can accept the emotion and find a healthy response to that emotion (Choate, 2012). Another aspect of emotion regulation includes reducing vulnerability by maintaining better physical health. Eating well, sleeping sufficiently, exercising regularly, and avoiding substance abuse will help one regulate emotions by maintaining physical health. Ones physical health can weaken ones mind-state, and the person will be more vulnerable to NSSI and other self-harming episodes (Choate, 2012). Skill Set Three: Interpersonal Effectiveness The goal of interpersonal effectiveness is for one to maintain personal values and beliefs while improving relationships. An example of teachings in this module is that group members are often asked to remember the acronym DEAR MAN to help remember the key components of this skill set. The components: Describe, Express, Assert, Reinforce, stay Mindful, Appear confident, and Negotiate. The best method for learning this skill set is role play. Often the facilitator will pair up group members and role play a variety of situations using DEAR MAN (Choate, 2012). Skill Set Four: Distress Tolerance Stress tolerance relates to ones ability to effectively accept emotional pain, in any given situation, that cannot be changed at the time. Once one can tolerate and accept unpleasant situations, one can more effectively cope. Further skills would help the client to self-soothe and distract from emotionally painful situations (Choate, 2012). Distress tolerance skills have two categories. The first category is skills for accepting reality, and the second is skills for crisis survival. Skills for accepting reality teach clients how to accept everyday life even when it is unpleasant. Deep-breathing is a common practice for this skill. Skills for crisis survival follows more of a distraction method. The goal may be for the client to find an alternative task, practice self-soothing, or take a break. Whatever the activity change is, the goal is to distract one from the crisis and prevent self-harming behavior (Choate, 2012). Skill Set Five: Walking the Middle Path This particular skill set works with the adolescent and family members to help those involved alter polarized thinking and live a more balanced lifestyle. The first step is to encourage participants to abandon black and white thinking and recognize the gray area. People often need to realize that any given situation can be viewed in multiple ways, and often everyone would benefit from viewing incidents through multiple perspectives (Choate, 2012). Common issues between adolescents and parents include strict or lenient parenting; thinking lightly of serious matters, or judging harshly common adolescent behavior; and pushing away, or holding too tightly. Adolescents and parents are asked to determine where they believe themselves and others to be regarding these topics, and try to come to an agreement regarding how to alter behavior and meet in the gray area (Choate, 2012). Communication and listening are key factors involved in developing this skill set. Positive reinforcement is taught to be used whenever possible as parents often think to punish negative behavior rather than reward the positive actions. Reconciling family differences can be a key component when attempting to help an adolescent stop NSSI behavior (Choate, 2012). Effectiveness of DBT for NSSI The treatment for NSSI that has the most positive support is DBT. DBT is the high standard of therapy for reducing suicide and self-destructive behavior among clients with BPD. The effectiveness of DBT has been shown in many trial studies. Not as many studies have been conducted regarding DBT and NSSI with adolescents; however, a DBT model has been created for adolescents and shows very promising results. DBT is the highest regarded method for at risk youth. Certainly, much can always be learned regarding human nature and therapy, and not all people will respond to the same treatment; therefore, this method is certainly not effective every time, but it does seem very beneficial (Choate, 2012). Summary Nonsuicidal Self-injury is a serious issue. As one can see, action needs to be taken to save youth from such harmful behavior patterns. Cognitive behavior therapy, specifically dialectical behavior therapy, has many excellent interventions and strategies to help adolescents facing NSSI (Choate, 2012). DBT uses individual therapy, group therapy, and family therapy to help adolescents with NSSI. Individual sessions focus on trust with the counselor, and identifying and acknowledging negative emotions, and behavior patterns. Additionally, the primary therapist will help the client find healthy ways to change behavior patterns and cope with life stressors (Choate, 2012). Group therapy focuses on building the skills needed to accomplish the desired changes. The five core skills sets include: core mindfulness, emotional regulation, interpersonal effectiveness, distress tolerance, and walking the middle path. Many methods are used to teach and practice these techniques (Choate, 2012). Studies continue to determine the effectiveness of DBT with adolescents involved in NSSI. However, DBT is the standard therapy for adults facing similar issues with BPD. Additionally, DBT seems very promising as an effective method for treating NSSI adolescents. References Choate, L. H. (2012, January). Counseling adolescents who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury: A dialectical behavior therapy approach.. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 34(1), 56-71. EBSCOhost.

Challenges for HRM in Internationalized SMEs

Challenges for HRM in Internationalized SMEs 1. Introduction The international SMEs have some problem in human resource management structure, the mobility of personnel is fast, the salary compensation is weak, the employee education, training and teamwork management is not enough. In the international market, these problem need to be solved as soon as possible, therefore, some international SMEs have to make a revolution in its management structure, as some international SMEs often focus some process that can profitability immediately, and dont care about the future benefit, and their management structure is overstaffed and complex. So the international SMEs have to develop the new management structure to adapt the competitive in the international market, decentralization is the trend, which can motivate the employee and managers active and responsible, decentralization firstly requires the manager who have good knowledge and skill in management. The motivation system can raise the employees motivation, the equalitarianism is not appropriate, so the international SMEs need a change in their management structure. 2. The variation in the organization structure Most international SMEs have the problem in organization structure, the variation is quite big. Usually, the organization structure is line, the result of which can cause the overstaffed, bureaucracy, and the low efficiency. Therefore, the organization structure has to simplify the organization structure, reduce the hierarchy. A flatten of an organization is one of the solution, but not the only one, and it could not be enlarged forever. The purpose of the flatten is to reduce the cost of the management, more communication between up layer and down layer, it is necessary in the international SMEs, the company originally has the problem in the management, so this method of management can increase the efficiency, it is convenient to the top manager. 3. The globalization of HRM In term of the element of the law and policy, the international SEMs should make a completed investigation on the policy environment, including the characteristic of the labor organization, and it is necessary to make a survey in the law and regular of the employment. If it does not do like these, it will suffer from the criminal charge upon the labor discrimination and the right of the labor, and the labor dispute also need to pay more litigation cost, which damages the reputation of the company in labor market. In the part of culture, the international SMEs have to integrate in the business process, due to the different cultures in the different countries, the international SMEs have to adapt the cultureà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s differentiation, except respect their culture, it also need to understand and study the local custom and culture. This is the long à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½term program, the conflict will happen in the future, but the company should pay more attention on the culture, and base on it, creating its own corporate culture in the globalization market. In the aspect of economic, the achievement of the international SMEs depends on the labor cost, the fluctuation of the currency. In the international market, the corporate need to consider which countryà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s employees should be employed, the home national, the local people or the expatriate, and the benefit of the company and the labor cost balanced. 4. Government intervention in the HRM As the international company, no matter the size of the enterprise is big or small, when the market has some movements or the policy changed. The international SMEs should adapt the different situation and then make a right decision at the right time, but this process is quite hard for them. Because the government in order to protect the right of the labor, which sets a lot of policy or regular to limit the behavior of the corporate. The government intervention in HRM will increase the cost of transaction between the employee and the employer, at the same time, in order to cut the cost, the international SMEs need to recruit the professional personal who studies the governmentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ labor policies and labor law as the law consultant to manage the HR. if the company can react the government policy as soon as possible, it will achieve the great successful. 5. The reputation of the company in the HR marketing In the HR marketing, many candidates want to find a company which has good reputation in the market, and it has comfortable work environment, high salary, excellent management experiences and future development opportunity. But all of the above, the Small-Medium enterprises cannot afford to the employees. Because of it is lack of enough capital, and successful human resource management experience and the capability of the executive. Without enough capital, the SMEs just only can employed the candidates who are lack of the professional skill and professional knowledge, as they have no money, so they also donà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t want to waste more money on training these employees, or the opportunity for training is not regular. And then the employees who have not accepted the opportunity of training, they will lose working motivation, so the work efficient will be down. And the other hand, the employees who have more experiences want to leave the company, because the company cannot provide excellent working treatment. So the SMEs are easier to lose their good human resource. The successful human resource management experience and the capability of the executive are very important to the enterprise. But the Small-Medium Enterprises are weak in these, their management experience is quite limited and obsolete, most of that is traditional management approach. As we know, the excellent leader can change the life of the company, so the executive capability is the standard of measuring a good or bad leader. If the good leader will set up the strategy objective, during the process of the strategy, he or she will lead his or her company go in the right direction and make a right decision immediately according to the different changes, which can attract their employees, and work hard for the company.

United States And The Summer Of Love History Essay

United States And The Summer Of Love History Essay The United States of America is a nation of pride, freedom, and culture. From the day the Declaration of Independence was signed, July 4, 1776, to present, 15 November 2010, numerous events have occurred that have shaped the lives, paths, and views of every citizen. The summer of 1967 in San Francisco, California was a summer that would never be lost in the eyes of the American public, and is a clear example of one of these numerous events. It was known as the Summer of Love. This summer was filled with new and different types of music, art, and literature which affected the U.S. as well as the world. This simple summer altered music within the American culture, freedom, choice, and trends in clothing, religious/life beliefs, the use of drugs, as well as the way people interacted with and treated each other. The Summer of Love was largely a part of the civil rights and antiwar movement, and as it developed it moved into the counterculture from which the Womens movement and Green move ment were developed (McCulloch). The economic markets for retailers as well as entertainers expanded drastically because there were so many new and popular trends and bands rising to the surface. San Franciscos 1967 Summer of Love had the strongest social, political, and economic impact out of all the events associated with the entire hippie movement throughout the United States, changing the people involved as well as the nation itself. The early 1960s was primarily when the hippie movement began. It mainly centered in the western part of the United States, mainly in San Francisco. The movement formed simply for the people who the behavior and values enforced by U.S. society (Home Front Turmoil: The 1960s, 288). It continued to expand greatly through multiple events during the 1960s, but the most influential event prior to the Summer of Love was known as the Human Be-In. The Human Be-In took place in San Franciscos very own Golden Gate Park just months before the infamous summer, January 14, 1967 (Layman, 322). Political liberation, ecological awareness, higher consciousness, personal empowerment, and other such ideals were what the event focused around. Various band and speakers from all around came out to promote their belief of questioning authority. Criticism and media attention was drawn after the event drew more than 20,000 celebration-craving hippies. More people began to migrate to San Francisco due to the w idespread news of what was going on (Perry, 9). For months prior to the Summer of Love, word echoed throughout the national media. Some college students who had read about the Human Be-In traveled to San Francisco during Spring Break to check things out. Others who were unable to make the trip then simply couldnt wait for the school year to be over, for the summer. Who knew that Haight-Ashbury District of San Francisco would be filled with more than 100,000 hippies only a few months later (1967: The Stuff That Myths Are Made of). The attendants consisted of mainly college and high school students, whom had just let out for summer vacation and eagerly joined in on the great movement they had been hearing about. A majority of the population whom attended the Summer of Love were part of the baby boom generation. During 1967, 20% of the United States population was made up of baby boomers between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four (Home Front Turmoil: The 1960s, 286). When the government tried to take advantage of the media and use it to prevent people from going, it simply persuaded people instead. These young adults saw an opportunity to meet up with people who shared the same ideals with them. Gain a chance to declare a new culture, and to create a new family among others of whom they were so alike. Many people purely just wanted to find freedom of both body and mind (1967: The Stuff That Myths Are Made of). A lot of changes and messages erupted from the Summer of Love, and the delivery of the changes and messages came in many forms. Potentially the strongest form of which was created was rock music. All around, the rock music scene consisted of more than just the music. It carried a new message, a new feeling, and new viewpoints. So many new bands and groups arose during this time simply because it was a time of change where people were so open-minded to the type of music and the protest-filled lyrics. Many well-known bands today were first discovered and heard at the Summer of Love. Some bands who were springing up were the Grateful Dead, Quicksilver Messenger Service, Big Brother and the Holding Company, Country Joe, the Fish, and Jefferson Airplane (McCulloch). Other rock musicians whom this counterculture centered around were the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Who, the Doors, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Bob Dylan, Arlo Guthric, and Joni Mitchell (Home Front Turmoil: The 1960s, 288 ). Before this summer, people were not nearly as open-minded, and music, especially rock, was not nearly as free. Many bands were inspired to break free from the norm and express their beliefs using their music after the album Sgt. Peppers Lonely Heart Club Band was released by the Beatles. The way the Summer of Love altered music was a huge social benefit (McCulloch). Not only was music punching for a change, but clothing, fashion, trends were also hoping to break free and create whole new life. In the years before 1967, London, England had the hippest fashion, and this was mainly because thats where all the strongest music and bands were located. When the center of music switched over to America, and the hippie movement told hold of teens and young adults, the trends followed and started becoming more and more popular. The teens of this era had enough power with their spending that it created a drastic boost in the United States economy. Females were starting to embrace Mary Quant style miniskirts and mini dresses, and although they were not allowed to wear jeans and pants to school, casual bell-bottom jeans began to creep into their wardrobes. Just like today, jeans were much easier to manage and more comfortable than dresses and skirts, plus they were cheaper and people wanted to use that extra money for more important things. Bell-bottoms were simply one item of clothing that every hippie possessed. Because it sort of went against the Establishment, hippies on the west coast started to lean towards the inexpensive indie clothing. The reason people loved this new movement in clothing was because they were able to get up and put on anything they wanted. Many common things that were worn by many of the trendsetting hippies included fringe suede jackets, southwestern Native American dresses, embroidered cotton shirts, bell-bottom jeans, angel wing sleeves, and leather fringe with beads (Gregoire). A lot of people also wore flowers in their hair as a symbol of peace and rejection of U.S. militarism and the Vietnam War. Hippies got their nickname flower children from this (McCulloch). This new look among the public was eventually spread throughout America, but was first sparked in San Francisco in 1967 (Gregoire). As trends with music and clothing seemed to grow exponentially, the recreational use of drugs was strongly involved in the Summer of Love. People were trying to find new ways and eyes to see the world through, and drugs were a psychedelic option which offered a whole new route towards enlightenment. The two main drugs were cannabis (aka: marijuana, weed, pot) and LSD (aka: Lysergic acid diethylamide, acid). The public found the naturalness of cannabis and the idea that LSD could expand the amazement and wonders of nature so appealing (McCulloch). LSD was used by 10 to 30 million people including members of the top bands during this time. A lot of the lyrics and styles of music were inspired by the use of drugs which created a symbiotic relationship. It has been presumed by many individuals that the John Lennons Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds off of the Beatles album Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band refers to LSD, but Lennon in fact denies that there is any relationship (Matus). Bo th LSD and cannabis were illegal, but that definitely didnt stop anyone following the hippie movement. Soon speed (aka: amphetamines) became an epidemic. It was used as a supply for cannabis and LSD, so as the demand increased, they supply started to decrease. It altered peoples minds causing health and hygiene to deteriorate making it one of the most dangerous drugs of the time along with heroine which was used by and killed numerous musicians. The overuse and horrible effects these drugs had during the Summer of Love are reasons why these drugs are illegal today (1967: The Stuff That Myths Are Made of). During the 1960s people felt so trapped in what was going on, mainly with the war. Hippies were rejected by their families for being far from conservative. Politics became a huge role in their lives and in the movement all together. They made their beliefs and political views through musical shows, concerts, folk songs, peaceful sit-ins, and other simple things (Huber). The Summer of Love was a merely a demonstration of a political voice speaking through a peaceful way that everyone could understand. The Summer of Love occurred during a time when many historical movements were happening for the United States. One of the most prominent protests was against the war in Vietnam. Many families were losing their sons to the war because of the draft. Many believed it was unfair that they were being forced to fight for something they did not believe in. Although the United States was in fact winning the war by this point, the cruelty of the killing and the war in general were motives behind the Summer of Love. The Hippie counterculture embraced new music, clothes, psychedelic colors, and the entire anti war movement. St Francis of Assisi was one who loved the environment, animals, the sick and poor, and was against war. The Summer of Love really aimed to stress his principles. These ideals were incredibly strong, and are still carried out today by politicians who themselves contributed to the hippie movement during the 1960s and the Summer of Love in 1967 (Just a Season, but It Lives On) . Only a few years prior to the Summer of Love, Martin Luther King Jr delivered a speech, known among nearly all Americans to this day that demonstrated some of the ideals the hippies shared and long to share with others. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again, we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. Dr. King (American Rhetoric: Martin Luther King, Jr. I Have a Dream). The Hippies followed Dr. King because he was suggesting peace and unity, which was what people were searching for at the Summer of Love. It had a lot to do with politics of the war and politics in general. The United States economy was affected by many things such as the new music and trends that were sprouting out, but the economy for the West-Coast, primarily San Francisco, was affected drastically in other ways. As people poured into the city for the hippie movement, Human Be-In, and mainly the Summer of Love, there was a great boost in the economy. The amount of houses bought and rented increased largely as well as the amount of food and other essentials being purchased. While this was a great thing, there were many people who lacked money. This caused people to flood into the streets. People started begging for the things they could not afford, shelter, food, water, clothes. Crimes broke out because of the enormous amount of need people carried for things. They would try to stop traffic by jumping on car bumpers to get peoples attention. The police would have to intervene and sometimes would leave people badly injured, and sometimes have to arrest out of control hippies. More poli cemen were hired as the situation went more and more out of control which hurtful to the economy because the more hired, the more it cost (1967: The Stuff That Myths Are Made of). Drugs were another downfall for the economy. Dealers were making large sums of money, profiting off of drug-craving hippies, but they were the only ones. People were spending all their money to get more marijuana and LSD that they had no money left for food and shelter. The Summer of Love had a strong impact economically, even if it was both good and bad. The Summer of Love had its ups and downs, but altogether it upheld a bold meaning, and ended strongly. The amount of people migrating to San Francisco was continually increasing at an outstanding, nearly ridiculous rate. People started joining in on the hippie movement and the Summer of Love because it was becoming popular. The popularity of it was merely commercialism. It became a victim of commercialism which is the very thing it was trying to reject. It was now becoming possible to buy into the psychedelic lifestyle. They could no longer continue on with something that was falling into the hands of what they were protesting against (McCulloch). On October 7, 1967, they held a parade known as Death of a Hippie, symbolizing the end of the Summer of Love. People who were planning on migrating to San Francisco to join in were advised to stay home, and spread the love among the people there. Others who were already in San Francisco traveled to new places to spread the love and the hipp ie ideals. As the season came to an end, so did the Summer of Love. The Summer of Love is scarcely documented on paper and the internet compared to other events in United States History, but it is documented in every individual who was alive and had a strong memory during the time. Anything can be written down on paper, but the only way that any person can easily recall an event is if it had a strong impact upon them. I was able to locate different articles that all together gave me what I needed. It was as if each piece and each memory from every person was a puzzle piece. Socially, the Summer of Love impacted clothing and music drastically. Economically, it brought and took away great wealth from the United States. Politically, it influenced the way many politicians in our government handle situations in the present day. The innocence and the belief of goodness in people that was carried travels on today. People were encouraged to try new things and say things that would have never said before. The Summer of Love was flat-out beautiful Angela Alio to (Just a Season, but It Lives On).

Emotional Intelligence and Relationships in Business Management Essay

Emotional Intelligence and Relationships in Business Management  ¡Ã‚ §Anyone can become angry  ¡V that is easy. But to be angry with the right person, to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose, and in the right way  ¡V this is not easy. ¡Ã‚ ¨ ~ By Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics ~ Traditionally, management were only interested on return on investment (ROI) and shareholder value, not the neurobiology of emotions doing business. However, in modern days, there is probably nothing as important as having good human relationships in the workplace. Whether one is a chief executive officer, a consultant, a manager or team member, achieving results requires a productive working relationship with others. As such, having positive and sustainable human relationships is the bedrock for business effectiveness. According to Goleman,  ¡Ã‚ §Emotional Quotient (EQ) defines our capacity for relationship (Goldmen 1995) ¡Ã‚ ¨ and added,  ¡Ã‚ §Rational intelligence only contributes about 20% to the factors that determine success in life. Some extraneous factors such as luck, and particularly the characteristics of EQ, constitute the other 80% (Goldmen 1995). ¡Ã‚ ¨ WHAT IS EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT? By themselves, the discoveries in Emotional Quotient (EQ) are not new. Over the centuries, there have been numerous studies conducted to understand the workings  ¡Ã‚ ¥emotions ¡Ã‚ ¦ and its practical importance. One of the earliest historical literature recordings dates back to 1st century B.C by Publilius Syrus, a Latin writer of mimes. Syrus states,  ¡Ã‚ ¥Rule your feelings, lest your feelings rule you ¡Ã‚ ¦ (Hang 1999). In other words, people should take control of their feelings and emotions rather then allowing it to control their intellect and values (also known as emotional-hijacking). Today ¡Ã‚ ¦s contemporary authors have since further expanded Syrus ¡Ã‚ ¦ definition, which subsequently lead to the development of the EQ concept. EQ can be simply defined as:  ¡Ã‚ §EQ is the ability to sense, understand, and effectively apply the power and acumen of emotions as a source of human energy, information, connection and influence. ¡Ã‚ ¨ ~Robert Cooper and Ayman Sawaf~ (Source: Hang 1999)  ¡Ã‚ §EQ is the ability to monitor one ¡Ã‚ ¦s own and other ¡Ã‚ ¦s feelings, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one ¡Ã‚ ¦s thinking and actions. ¡Ã‚ ¨ ~Peter Salovey and John Mayer~ (Source: Salovey & Mayer 199... ...3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.32  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .22  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .62  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -2.96  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .008* Achievement Orientation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.28  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .65  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.73  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .56  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .25  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -1.23  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .23 Initiative  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.25  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .32  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.42  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .26  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .59  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -2.36  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .03* Social Skills   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Developing Others   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.17  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.18  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .46  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .02  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -0.15  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .89 Leadership  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.20  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .46  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.27  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .39  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .17  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -0.83  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .42 Influence  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.88  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .37  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.98  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .32  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .29  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -1.02  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .32 Communication  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.19  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .33  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .47  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -2.24  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .04* Change Catalyst  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.85  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .45  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .53  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .31  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -1.73  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .10 Conflict Management  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.06  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.23  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .49  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -1.91  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .07* Building Bonds  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.46  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .36  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .36  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .11  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -0.73  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .47 Teamwork & Collaboration  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.06  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .54  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .51  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .08  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -0.37  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .72 (Source: Sala 2004) Table 1 Differences between EI Levels of the Total Participants Prior (T1) and After (T2) participating in the EI workshops * Note: Differences were considered meaningful, or significant, if effect sizes were moderate or large and if paired-samples t-tests statistically significant (p Emotional Intelligence and Relationships in Business Management Essay Emotional Intelligence and Relationships in Business Management  ¡Ã‚ §Anyone can become angry  ¡V that is easy. But to be angry with the right person, to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose, and in the right way  ¡V this is not easy. ¡Ã‚ ¨ ~ By Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics ~ Traditionally, management were only interested on return on investment (ROI) and shareholder value, not the neurobiology of emotions doing business. However, in modern days, there is probably nothing as important as having good human relationships in the workplace. Whether one is a chief executive officer, a consultant, a manager or team member, achieving results requires a productive working relationship with others. As such, having positive and sustainable human relationships is the bedrock for business effectiveness. According to Goleman,  ¡Ã‚ §Emotional Quotient (EQ) defines our capacity for relationship (Goldmen 1995) ¡Ã‚ ¨ and added,  ¡Ã‚ §Rational intelligence only contributes about 20% to the factors that determine success in life. Some extraneous factors such as luck, and particularly the characteristics of EQ, constitute the other 80% (Goldmen 1995). ¡Ã‚ ¨ WHAT IS EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT? By themselves, the discoveries in Emotional Quotient (EQ) are not new. Over the centuries, there have been numerous studies conducted to understand the workings  ¡Ã‚ ¥emotions ¡Ã‚ ¦ and its practical importance. One of the earliest historical literature recordings dates back to 1st century B.C by Publilius Syrus, a Latin writer of mimes. Syrus states,  ¡Ã‚ ¥Rule your feelings, lest your feelings rule you ¡Ã‚ ¦ (Hang 1999). In other words, people should take control of their feelings and emotions rather then allowing it to control their intellect and values (also known as emotional-hijacking). Today ¡Ã‚ ¦s contemporary authors have since further expanded Syrus ¡Ã‚ ¦ definition, which subsequently lead to the development of the EQ concept. EQ can be simply defined as:  ¡Ã‚ §EQ is the ability to sense, understand, and effectively apply the power and acumen of emotions as a source of human energy, information, connection and influence. ¡Ã‚ ¨ ~Robert Cooper and Ayman Sawaf~ (Source: Hang 1999)  ¡Ã‚ §EQ is the ability to monitor one ¡Ã‚ ¦s own and other ¡Ã‚ ¦s feelings, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one ¡Ã‚ ¦s thinking and actions. ¡Ã‚ ¨ ~Peter Salovey and John Mayer~ (Source: Salovey & Mayer 199... ...3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.32  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .22  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .62  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -2.96  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .008* Achievement Orientation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.28  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .65  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.73  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .56  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .25  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -1.23  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .23 Initiative  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.25  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .32  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.42  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .26  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .59  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -2.36  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .03* Social Skills   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Developing Others   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.17  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.18  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .46  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .02  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -0.15  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .89 Leadership  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.20  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .46  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.27  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .39  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .17  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -0.83  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .42 Influence  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.88  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .37  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.98  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .32  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .29  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -1.02  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .32 Communication  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.19  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .33  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .47  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -2.24  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .04* Change Catalyst  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.85  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .45  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .53  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .31  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -1.73  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .10 Conflict Management  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.06  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.23  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .49  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -1.91  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .07* Building Bonds  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.46  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .36  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .36  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .11  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -0.73  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .47 Teamwork & Collaboration  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.06  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .54  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .51  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .08  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -0.37  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .72 (Source: Sala 2004) Table 1 Differences between EI Levels of the Total Participants Prior (T1) and After (T2) participating in the EI workshops * Note: Differences were considered meaningful, or significant, if effect sizes were moderate or large and if paired-samples t-tests statistically significant (p

The Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) Toolkit Essay -- Ecolo

Sustainability has become a buzzword in lives of many Americans. The challenge with creating programs that promote and educate on the topic sustainability is that there does not appear to be a consistent definition for the term ‘sustainable’. In the Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) Toolkit, the authors suggest that â€Å"sustainable development is generally thought to have three components: environment, society, and economy. The well-being of these three areas is intertwined, not separate† (McKeown, 2002, p. 8). Furthermore, McKeown contends that sustainability should be considered â€Å"to be a paradigm for thinking about a future in which environmental, societal, and economic considerations are balanced in the pursuit of development and improved quality of life† (2002, p. 8). The ESD Toolkit outlines the four basic priorities of ESD, which include: improving basic education, reorienting existing education, public understanding and awareness as well as training (McKeown, 2002, p. 13). At the heart of ESD programs is the â€Å"inherent idea of implementing programs that are locally relevant and culturally appropriate† (McKeown, 2002, p. 13). The toolkit itself is structured to provide an introduction into the theoretical concepts about sustainability, implementing the four priorities of ESD and practical skills that can be applied locally to address global issues. As a health educator, what would be particularly useful are the group activities found in the toolkit designed to explain the concepts of sustainability. The activities are essentially a roadmap for introducing the overarching principles of ESD and activities to develop a program plan. The assignment was how to customize the toolkit to make it specific for teaching su... ...and Eastern Europe (REC). (February 2000). â€Å"Introduction: What is a Local Environmental Action Program?† In: Guide to Implementing Local Environmental Action Programs. LEAP – Local Environmental Action Programs in Central and Eastern Europe. Retrieved from: http://archive.rec.org/REC/Publications/LEAP_Guide/LEAPIntro.pdf. Facing the future. (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.facingthefuture.org/. Fleming, M et al. (2009). Ecological Sustainability: What Role for Public Health Education? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 6, 2028-2040. McKeown, Rosalyn. (July 2002). Education from sustainable development toolkit. Version 2. Retrieved from: http://www.esdtoolkit.org/default.htm. U.S. Partnership for Education for Sustainable Development. (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.uspartnership.org/main/view_archive/1.

My Favourite Brands

My favourite brands are: NOKIA: I am using NOKIA cell phone since last 6 years, still I don’t have any complaint about it, its battery life, reliability, and easy to use features are common in all the phones and its customer related services like once they exchange battery (CLV4) due to some technical reason, on that day itself. SONY: People say that XYZ Company provides better services after sales, but I belief in SONY because if you have SONY gadgets you don’t need services (at all in many case) or very frequently. I have SONY Walkman, Camera, Laptop but I never visited Sony service centre for the same, also â€Å"Made in Japan† tag play an important role to building a brand. DABUR: In many FMCG product categories and Ayurvedic products like Chayawanprash, toothpaste, Honey, Hair oil, I prefer DABUR products because it has quality products with more than 100 years of experiences also since my childhood i am using all these products so I have develop a strong taste for these products. REYNOLDS: I have been using REYNOLDS pen since my School days, I tried many more pen in between but in examination or any other Test which is important to me I prefer only Reynolds pen (white body & blue cover Reynolds 045) that one I am still using. It provides you best quality at cheaper price with belief of Reynolds. HERO HONDA: I learnt bike with Hero Honda CD 100 SS which we have in our house 10 years ago. In those days they promoted Hero Honda as â€Å"Desh ki Dhadkan† that influenced me at that time. Hero Honda also have many products depends on the needs of the customers, Splendra is the most sold model of Hero Honda which I have now-a-days that gives you strength that it is most trusted bike in the market.

Psychological Effects one can have due to Sleep Deprivation Essay

According to Kozier et Al. (2002), sleep is the state of being conscious wherein there is a decrease of perception, and reaction to the environment of an individual (p. 953). Sleep exerts physiologic effects on both the nervous systems and other body structures and also it restores normal levels of activity and balance among parts of the nervous systems (p. 956). There are two types of sleep, NREM sleep and REM sleep, NREM sleep or non-REM sleep is a deep, restful sleep and some physiologic functions were decreased. It is also referred to as a low wave sleep because when a person sleeps the brain waves tends to slow than the alpha and beta waves of an awake person. NREM sleep is divided into four stages: stage 1- very light sleep wherein the person feels drowsy and relaxed, stage 2- light sleep that will last only from ten to fifteen minutes, stage 3- domination of parasympathetic nervous systems that slows down the heart and respiratory rates as well as other body processes and sometimes snoring may occur and the fourth stage will be the deep sleep is thought to restore the body physically, dreams and rolling of the eyes may occur in this stage. Another type of sleep is the REM sleep or the rapid eye movement sleep that constitutes 25% of sleep of a young adult and usually recurs every ninety minutes and lasts five to thirty minutes. On the other hand, dreams in REM sleep were usually remembered because it is consolidated in the memory (pp. 953-954). There are many factors that may affect sleep of an individual, quality of sleep and quantity of sleep were both affected by a number of factors. The quality of sleep is the ability of an individual to stay asleep and to get the required amount of REM and NREM sleep while the quantity of sleep is the total time the individual sleeps. Age, environment fatigue, life style, psychological stresses are just some of the factors that indeed affects the sleep of an individual (p. 956). Literature Review In an internet article, they listed six persons that have a contribution in sleep research. A French Scientist Henri Pieron authored a book entitled â€Å"Le probleme physiologique du sommeil,† which was the first text to examine sleep from a physiological perspective. This work is usually regarded as the beginning of the modern approach to sleep research. Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, now known as the â€Å"Father of American sleep research,† he started working in Chicago in the 1920’s questioning the regulation of sleep and wakefulness and of circadian rhythms. Kleitman’s crucial work included studies of sleep characteristics in different populations and the effect of sleep deprivation. Another contributor is questioning the regulation of sleep and wakefulness and of circadian rhythms. Kleitman’s crucial work included studies of sleep characteristics in different populations and the effect of sleep deprivation. Dr. William C. Dement extended Dr. Kleitman’s path of research. Dement described the â€Å"cyclical† nature of nocturnal sleep in 1955, and in 1957 and ’58 established the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming. In 1958, he published a paper explaining that in a sleeping cat there is a cyclic organization existence, thus creating an explosion of fundamental research that gathers researchers from different fields of specialty. For the next 20 years, Michel Jouvet leads to an identification of REM sleep as an independent state of alertness, which he called â€Å"paradoxical sleep. Another one is H. Gastaut and his colleagues discovered the presence of apnea during sleep in a subgroup of â€Å"Pickwickian† patients (1965) that lead them to an outbreak of investigations of the control exercised by the â€Å"sleeping brain† on the body’s vital functions. His work eventually led to the new discipline of â€Å"sleep medicine† (A brief history of sleep research, â€Å"n. a. †). Sleep deprivation and its causes According to Kozier et Al. (2002), sleep deprivation is only one out of many common sleep disorders. They defined sleep deprivation as a syndrome of prolonged disturbance that leads the amount, quality, and consistency of sleep to decrease and thus produces a variety of physiologic and behavioral symptoms, its harshness will depend on the degree of the deprivation. Again there are two types of sleep deprivation REM and NREM deprivation, the combination of the two deprivation increases the severity of symptoms. Alcohol, barbiturates, shift work, jet lag, extended ICU hospitalization, morphine, and meperidine hydrochloride are the causes of REM deprivation, while all of the causes of REM deprivation plus diazepam flurazepam hydrochloride, hypothyroidism, depression, respiratory distress disorders, sleep apnea, and age causes NREM deprivation, and both REM and NREM deprivation is caused from the combination of both REM and NREM deprivation causes (p. 959). Another cause of sleep deprivation is from the psychological stress wherein anxiety and depression frequently disturb sleep. A person can’t relax adequately to get to sleep if he or she is having a personal problem. Another factor is alcohol and stimulants, people who drinks alcohol excessively has the higher rates of sleep disturbances. Alcohol disrupts REM sleep even though it fastens the onset of sleep. Diet- weight loss is accompanied with reduced total sleep time as well as broken sleep and earlier awakening. Smoking, cigarettes contains nicotine that has stimulating effects on the body and may cause in difficulty of falling asleep. Motivation, person’s desire to stay awake can cause a fatigue, and illness, an ill person is more prone to sleep deprivation, in their condition they need to have more sleep, but a patient in a hospital is disturb by their time to take their medicines, and respiratory conditions can also disturb sleep thus disturbing their total time of sleep a person is required to have (p. 956). Psychological and physical effects of sleep deprivation  The effects of sleep deprivation to the body is like a chain reaction, its main target is the brain, since the brain is the control unit of the body, the brain controls and is responsible for the homeostasis of the body, once the brain is affected many imbalances may occur. For REM deprivation excitability, restlessness, irritability, increased sensitivity to pain, confusion and suspiciousness, and emotional liability can possibly be the effects. For NREM deprivation one may show hyporesponsiveness, withdrawal, apathy, feeling physically uncomfortable, lack of facial expression, and speech deterioration. For both REM and NREM deprivation, inattentiveness, decreased reasoning ability and the ability to concentrate, marked fatigue manifested by blurred vision, itchy eyes, nausea, headache, difficulty in performing activities of daily living, lack of memory, mental confusion, visual or auditory hallucinations and illusions can be its primary effects to one’s both psychological and physical aspect of a person. Since stress is one of the major factor affecting sleep deprivation whether it’s psychological or physical stress. As you think more and focuses your mind into the problem, your mind will become more fatigue (p. 959). Based on the book by Biron et Al. (2006), stress may lead to some psychological problems and may interfere with effective intrapersonal and the intrapersonal behavior of the individual. A person experiencing prolonged stressful events may suffer from feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, and consequently, undermining his self esteem. Impaired task performance is another effect of stressful mind; it interferes with our ability to successfully perform a task and responsibilities expected. And disruption of cognitive functioning, people who are under stress are likely to experience loss of concentration, disorientation, and forgetfulness (pp. 184-185). Treatment for sleep deprived persons According to the book made by Kushida (2005), pregnant women are also prone to sleep deprivation. In treating sleep deprivation for pregnant women, they recommended seven treatments to minimize maternal and fetal health risk: a) women should try to seep on the left side and avoid sleeping in supine position.  Avoiding it will ease the stress of the heart, will reduce constriction of the space available to the fetus, will reduce pressure to the inferior vena cava that carries blood back to the heart from the feet and legs, b) if symptoms of RLS are present, consider an evaluation of ferritin, hemoglobin, and folate levels and supplement when indicated, c) treat sleeping- disordered breathing with CPAP, d) avoid staying in bed when unable to seep, e) address anxiety provoking issues to reduce overall level of arousal, f) Consider regular exercise, pregnant women who exercise three times a week for at least thirty minutes have less insomnia and anxiety than pregnant women who do not exercise, and g) treat psychophysiological insomnia with empirically supported cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (p. 185). Another form of treatment is discussed by Greist and Jefferson (1992), psychosurgery is a rare treatment; it is not then advisable if other treatments have not been tested to a patient. Careful neurosurgical interruption of brain pathways has been shown that fifty percent of patients has been helped to this kind of treatment (pp. 79-80). Conclusion: Sleep is really a helpful in obtaining our health; it restores our body’s energy. Sleep deprivation is not really a syndrome but an effect due to some disturbances, stress, and anxiety that makes our brain to send signal to our body to be awake, an unnecessary awakening that affects our total time of sleep.  When our body is stressful or lack of average sleep needed by each individual, our brain do not work properly thus affecting our lifestyle, our ability to think and cope up with problems, and then other diseases may occur if not immediately taken to concern, because stress attacks our brain and knowing that our brain is the control center of our body. Recommendation: If sleeplessness and the listed signs and symptoms occur, it will be a clever decision if you consult a Doctor immediately prior to health concern. It is also a best way if symposiums will be conducted or seminars that discuss about Sleep deprivation to school and or universities so that students and educators will be aware to the effects of sleep deprivation that one can possibly have due to body exhaustion and abuse.