Subnetting Questions

Subnetting Questions ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1 Identify the Number of Subnets and Hosts 1. You have been assigned the IP network address of 135. 65. 0. 0 and have selected 255. 255. 240. 0 as the subnet mask. How many valid subnet addresses are available? 2. You have a network address of 132. 66. 0. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 240. 0. Find the number of the valid subnets and how many possible host addresses are on each subnet excluding addresses of all 1s and all 0s. 3. You have a network address of 165. 35. 0. 0 and have selected 255. 255. 92. 0 as the subnet mask value. How many possible subnets are there? ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2 Identify the Number of Subnets and Hosts 1. You have a network address of 220. 16. 22. 0 and have selected 255. 255. 255. 224 as the subnet mask value. How many possible subnets are there? 2. You have a network address of 199 . 112. 199. 0 and have selected 255. 255. 255. 240 as the subnet mask value. How many possible subnets are there? 3. You have a network address of 133. 233. 11. 0 and have selected 255. 255. 255. 240 as the subnet mask value.How many possible hosts are on each subnet, excluding subnet address and broadcast address? ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3 Select a Subnet Mask 1. Your client has a class B network address and needs to support 500 hosts on as many subnets as possible. Which subnet mask should you recommend? 2. Your client has a class B IP network address and needs to support 60 hosts on as many subnets as possible. Which subnet mask should you recommend? 3. You are configuring a network and have been assigned the network address of 212. 109. 55. 0.You want to subnet the network to allow for 10 subnets with 7 hosts per subnet. What subnet mask should you use? 4. Your network has been assigned the IP address of 131. 66. 0. 0 for your network. You have determined that you need 16 subnets to allow for growth. What subnet mask value would you use? 5. You have been assigned 197. 177. 25. 0 for your network. You have determined that you need 5 subnets to allow for growth. What subnet mask would you use? Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 4 Select a Subnet Mask 1. You have been assigned 195. 1. 13. 0 for your network. You have determined that you need 8 subnets to allow for growth. What subnet mask would you use? 2. You have been assigned 140. 225. 0. 0 for your network. You have determined that you need 39 subnets to allow for growth. What subnet mask would you use? ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5 Select a Subnet Mask 1. Your network has been assigned 200. 55. 6. 0 as the network address. You have determined that you need six subnets. Which of the following should you use as your subnet mask to prov ide four subnets? A. 255. 55. 255. 128 B. 255. 255. 255. 192 C. 255. 255. 255. 224 D. 255. 255. 255. 240 E. 255. 255. 255. 248 F. 255. 255. 255. 252 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6 Select a Subnet Mask 1. Your network has been assigned 168. 11. 0. 0 as the network address. You have determined that you need 70 subnets. Which subnet mask value should you select to provide 70 subnets? A. 255. 255. 252. 0 B. 255. 255. 248. 0 C. 255. 255. 240. 0 D. 255. 255. 254. 0 E. 255. 255. 255. 0 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Select a Subnet Mask 1. You are configuring a network and have been assigned the network address of 212. 12. 12. 0. You want to subnet the network to allow for 15 subnets with 20 hosts per subnet. What subnet mask should you use? A. 255. 255. 255. 128 B. 255. 255. 255. 240 C. 255. 255. 255. 192 D. 255. 255. 255. 248 E. 255. 255. 255. 224 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8 Identify Valid Subnets 1. You have a network address of 132. 66. 0. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 224. 0. Which four of the following are valid subnet addresses?A. 132. 66. 224. 0 B. 132. 66. 255. 0 C. 132. 98. 0. 0 D. 132. 66. 0. 0 E. 132. 66. 192. 0 F. 132. 66. 96. 0 G. 132. 130. 0. 0 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9 Identify Valid Subnets 1. You have a network address of 133. 233. 11. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 240. 0. Which three of the following are valid subnet addresses? A. 133. 233. 27. 0 B. 133. 233. 11. 248 C. 133. 233. 11. 232 D. 133. 233. 11. 176 E. 133. 233. 43. 0 F. 133. 233. 11. 240 G. 133. 233. 11. 48 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public 10 Identify Valid Subnets 1. You have a network address of 201. 79. 187. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 192. Which three of the following are valid subne t addresses? A. 201. 79. 187. 48 B. 201. 79. 187. 224 C. 201. 79. 187. 64 D. 201. 79. 187. 32 E. 201. 79. 187. 1 F. 201. 79. 187. 192 G. 201. 79. 187. 128 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11 Identify Valid Subnets 1. You have a network address of 129. 111. 0. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 224. 0. Which two of the following are valid subnet addresses? A. 129. 111. 60. 0 B. 129. 175. 0. 0 C. 129. 111. 0. 96 D. 129. 111. 0. 32 E. 129. 111. 96. 0 F. 129. 143. 0. 0 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12 Identifying the Host Range 1. You have a network address of 202. 200. 55. 0 with a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 224. Which of the following is the broadcast address for subnet 202. 200. 55. 96? A. 202. 200. 55. 1 B. 202. 200. 55. 96 C. 202. 200. 55. 97 D. 202. 200. 55. 111 E. 202. 200. 55. 127 F. 202. 200. 55. 255 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights rese rved. Cisco Public 13Identifying the Host Range 1. You have a network address of 160. 88. 0. 0 with a subnet mask of 255. 255. 248. 0. Which of the following is the broadcast address for subnet 160. 88. 64. 0? A. 160. 88. 64. 255 B. 160. 88. 71. 255 C. 160. 88. 95. 255 D. 160. 88. 127. 255 E. 160. 88. 255. 255 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14 Identifying the Host Range 1. What is the IP address on subnet 202. 177. 48. 64 if the mask value is 255. 255. 255. 240? A. 202. 177. 48. 255 B. 202. 177. 48. 95 C. 202. 177. 48. 112 D. 202. 177. 48. 127 E. 202. 77. 48. 79 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15 Identifying the Host Range 1. A host on the network has an IP address of 223. 233. 11. 101 with a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 240. What is the subnet address of this host? 2. A host on the network has an IP address of 197. 65. 251. 125 with a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 240. Wh at is the subnet address of this host? 3. A host on the network has an IP address of 201. 79. 187. 236 with a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 192. What is the subnet address of this host? ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16 Identifying the Host Range 1. What is the broadcast address for subnet 200. 195. 55. 64/29? 2. You have a network address of 129. 111. 0. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 224. 0. Which three of the following are valid host addresses for the subnet 129. 111. 64. 0? A. 129. 111. 48. 69 B. 129. 111. 32. 122 C. 129. 111. 93. 166 D. 129. 111. 89. 0 E. 129. 111. 0. 66 F. 129. 111. 65. 11 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17 Identifying the Host Range 1. You have a network address of 233. 33. 11. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 224. Which three of the following are valid host addresses for the subnet 233. 233. 11. 32? A. 233. 233. 11. 52 B. 233. 233. 11. 61 C. 233. 233. 11. 39 D. 233. 233. 15. 32 E. 233. 233. 11. 33 F. 233. 233. 125. 32 G. 233. 233. 11. 44 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18 Identifying the Host Range 1. You have a network address of 132. 66. 0. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 224. 0. Which three of the following are valid host addresses for the subnet 132. 66. 160. 0? A. 132. 66. 161. 0 B. 132. 6. 188. 88 C. 132. 66. 32. 163 D. 132. 66. 48. 111 E. 132. 66. 193. 6 F. 132. 66. 175. 252 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19 Identifying the Host Range 1. You have a network address of 201. 79. 187. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 192. Which three of the following are valid host addresses for the subnet 201. 79. 187. 128? A. 201. 79. 187. 196 B. 201. 79. 187. 132 C. 201. 79. 187. 166 D. 201. 79. 187. 33 E. 201. 79. 187. 189 F. 201. 79. 187. 12 ITE PC v4. 0 Chapter 1 Â © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisc o Public 20

Calvin Clain IMC Plan Essay

Executive Summary Calvin Klein Inc. formed in 1968 is typically associated with high quality apparel and intimate wear at a premium price, boasting strong brand equity and an extensive and global loyal consumer base. In 2003, CK was purchased by Philliphs-Van Heusen Corp (PVH), which now controls its operations. Calvin Klein has over time diversified into various business avenues, exploring the fragrances and sunglasses markets, which have assisted in generating business profitability, and fostering brand awareness and exposure. However, through gap analysis exploratory research, we have identified the men’s premium swimwear market as a potential market segment to penetrate. The proposal consists of developing a line of exclusive or limited edition men’s CK swimwear, made from the latest lycra fabric technology fostering increased support and comfort for consumers. The purpose of the following report is to outline a strategic integrated marketing communications plan considering the following elements; competitor & situational analysis, identification of target audience, defining campaign objectives, formulation of creative and communications strategy and evaluation of the campaign. Typically associated with a minimalistic (black and white) and controversial style of advertisement, our campaign seeks to maintain this specific brand image, whilst building brand equity. The ultimate objectives of the campaign include; increasing sales and profitability, generating exposure and awareness with potential customers and re-enforcing brand image and further building brand equity. These objectives may be achieved through developing creative and innovative marketing strategies and campaign, attracting the new target segment by diversifying into the swimwear market. The launch of  the limited edition of swimwear is strategically timed to take place parallel with the beginning of summer 2013, thereby seeking to capture the large market demand for mens swimwear. Introduction Product Description The Limited Edition CK men’s swimwear range is to consist of several difference styles of swimwear trunks, made from the latest fabric and fiber technology therefore fostering increased comfort and support for consumers. The concept of a limited edition range, reinforces the exclusivity of the CK brand. In developing an exclusive range, consumer demand typically increases as it is considered as an special opportunity purchase. Calvin Klein have not yet diversified into the swimwear industry, thus our limited edition range can be considered a trial or market test to establishing a more permanent presence in the Australian swimwear industry. How our Product is different †¢Incorporates the latest fabric (nylon) technology for swimwear; to foster increased comfort and support for consumers. Competitor brands such as AussieBum are already using this latest technology, therefore in manufacturing with this fabric CK is keeping up with industry innovations and developments. †¢CK has not yet diversified into the swimwear market in Australia, venture will capture the market demand for quality premium swimwear †¢CK will employ the latest print designs and patterns with assistance from fashion industry experts that will assist in distinguishing our product from our competitors. †¢Prestige associated with purchasing the CK swimwear, in the fact it CK is predominantly a American brand therefore consumers may be more inclined to purchase based on this prestige and exclusivity factor Management Responsibility The creation and development of this product requires a subdivision or team to be established at CK Australia to monitor the establishment, development and execution of the manufacturing, delivery and marketing elements associated with the swimwear range. These individuals must be accustomed and  familiar with the CK brand, ensuring the core messages and themes remain constant throughout the marketing campaign and remain aligned with the CK brand image. Geographic Location & Length of the Campaign Our Summer Limited Edition campaign, based in Sydney, is targeted toward male consumers aged 18-30 who characteristically have a higher disposable income enabling them to purchase high quality premium swimwear. This campaign is based in Sydney due to the large population, climatic trends (hot summers) and the extensive demand for premium swimwear. The campaign is to run from the beginning of Spring 2013 , ensuring early exposure in that consumers know of the product before the summertime ‘rush’ for swimwear commences, and to run until the end of autumn; the end of summer 2014, therefore ensuring relevant mass exposure to the target audience. Situational Analysis Current Market Position Product Range & Distribution; Product, Price, Promotion and Place Calvin Klein currently has product offerings across its’ Calvin Klein Jeans, Swimwear, Underwear and CK brands. The hierarchy starts with the CK designer underwear, and then there is Calvin Klein Jeans, which for Calvin’s casual lifestyle range. In among that you have CK One, which is the most youthful part of the brand and then there’s CK Calvin Klein, which is slightly more formal for the edgy downtown girl and guy. On top of that is Calvin Klein Collection, which is at the apex of the pyramid. All of these use a premium pricing strategy, offering affordable luxury brand products with high quality and style. The distribution of Calvin Klein products reflects this exclusivity as depicted in Figure 1, with 982 Calvin Klein retail stores worldwide, consisting of 189 full price free-standing stores, 118 outlet free-standing stores, and 864 shop-in-shop/concession stores. Financial Performance It is crucial to review Calvin Klein’s financial performance and current position in the marketplace in order to position or embark on product extension lines and ensure business growth and prosperity. Figure 2 represents the results of last year’s financial performance, indicating the annual revenue to reach $1.1bn. Additionally, as indicated on Figure 3, Australian sales fall into the category of other at 2%, which is extremely low in contrast to the sales around the rest of the world. Therefore, in positioning the CK campaign in Australia, the CK brand is seeking to increase its presence in Australia and break into the domestic swim market. Figure 2 Figure 2 Company Analysis Company Structure According to a statement by Philliphs-Van Heusen Corp (PVH), Calvin Klein adopts a tiered strategy: â€Å"In order to more efficiently and effectively exploit the development opportunities for each brand, a tiered-brand strategy was established to provide a focused, consistent approach to global brand growth and development. Each of the Calvin Klein brands occupies a distinct marketing identity and position that preserves the brand’s prestige and image† Therefore, the internal structure of Calvin Klein is segmented or divided into subdivisions based on the different offerings, such as Calvin Klein Jeans and Calvin Klein fragrances. Within each subgroup are specialist individuals, with extensive industry experience, as well as other typical corporate roles, such as marketing and finance managers. It is ultimately due to the size and diversity of the CK brand that it is subdivided, however, across the various product avenues it maintains a prestige brand image. Top down management Calvin Klein is currently owned by Philliphs-Van Heusen Corp (PVH), which is comprised of Heritage Brands, Tommy Hilfiger and Calvin Klein. Currently PVH adopts the top down management approach that is the executives and board members elect the direction of the company and are responsible for making strategic decisions and strategies regarding the future of the business. Calvin Klein, currently based in North America, is headed by Paul T Murry, whom is ultimately responsible for the direction and strategic choices for the development and prosperity of CK. Competitive Analysis Calvin Klein’s competitive analysis involves assessing the strength and weaknesses of current and potential competitors; including considering their resource profile (financial & supplier connections or relationship) and capabilities. Typically Calvin Klein operates in the luxury apparel retail market, and therefore their traditional and predominant competitor base consists of the following brands; Ralph Lauren, Tommy Hilfiger, Hugo Boss and Donna Karen. However, in the proposed swimwear market we have identified relevant competitors to include; Speedo Renown for style and performance, the Speedo brand was established in Sydney in 1914 and has grown to be the leading swimwear brand in Australia. Essentially this will be the largest competitor of the new CK limited edition swimwear range, due to the already established loyal customer base and extensive and stable market stare in the domestic market with industry reports indicating a 17 per cent rise in Australian sales and a 44 per cent worldwide during 2010. Currently Speedo offers various ranges or collections including; Competition and Racing swimwear, Board short and Swim Trunks, Fashion and Lifeguard. AussieBum Founded in Sydney in 2001, AussieBum manufacturers swimwear and underwear that are renown for its designs and comfort. AussieBum remains an industry leader in terms of using the latest fabric technologies to foster increased comfort and support for their consumers. Despite been manufactured in Sydney, the predominant target market for the AussieBum swimwear is in  European nations (due to the trunks instead of board short style). However, as they are based in Sydney and offers over 150 product lines at a premium price, AussieBum can therefore be considered a close competitor of the CK limited edition range. Budgy Smugglers Launched in 2004, the Budgy Smuggler brand is becoming an increasingly popular and well known brand. The 100% Australian made brand, are becoming increasingly famous with the bright bold colourful swimwear and the multiple charity events consumers are wearing the smugglers at such as BabeWatch. As they are Australian made and popular amongst the surfer culture, Budgy smugglers can be classified as a serious competitor to the CK swimwear range. Perceptual Map External Environment Technological Factors It is crucial for organisations to remain abreast of the latest technologies in order to remain competitive in the current business environment. Therefore, it is essential to consider technological developments surrounding both the marketing and advertising worlds as well as the swimwear industry. Technological innovations and developments in fabric and fibre technology (fostering comfort and support) as well as Computer Aided Design (CAD) offering new innovative prints and patterns combined with the new more efficient manufacturing techniques, make the fashion and in particular swimwear industry highly competitive. Therefore it is crucial that CK conducts extensive research and development on their swimwear line in order to gain an advantage over their respective competitors. Additionally, CK must acknowledge the new forms of marketing to include internet advertising and advertising through social media as society is becoming increasingly technologically dependent. Economic Factors The stability, stage of the life cycle and fluctuations in the economy are  all factors that significantly influence and impact upon consumer spending. If the economy is experiencing a downturn or decline, consumers are less likely to spend money on non-essential items and less likely to pay more for quality garments or swimwear. Therefore, as our target audience is projected to include those that have a higher discretionary income, CK must be aware and have an appropriate contingency plan in place if the state of the economy declines leaving sales heavily affected. Legal & Political Factors CK must also consider the legislation relevant to their business operations such as Trade Practices Act 1974 and Consumer Protection Act 2010, additionally legal considerations may include patents (for fabric innovation ideas), OH & S of manufacturing workplace facilities and employment legislation (including relationships with trade unions). Opportunity Analysis Expansion of the CK brand Calvin Klein has diversified into various and varied industry avenues, however they have not yet effectively penetrated the Australian swimwear market. From fragrances to lingerie and home wears, the CK brand has enjoyed success in multiple industries, however, we have identified the swimwear market in the Australian region as a crucial opportunity and profitable venture. Therefore, in the expansion or diversification of the CK brand into the swimwear market, the CK brand would ultimately be not only building its brand equity but also expanding their customer base and simultaneously generating healthy profits. Shift in social trends Society is becoming more accepting and supportive of the budgie smuggler style swimwear brief. There is an increasing trend and significant increase in men wearing the swim trunks. A recent online poll (on business day) indicates the budgie smuggler style of swimwear is at 53% popularity, therefore this confirms there is a market demand for the ‘trunk’ style of swimwear. *http://www.businessday.com.au/executive-style/style/return-of-the-budgie-smuggler-20101020-16u1n.html Industry Condition & Competitors The predominant competitors of the CK swimwear range would include; Speedo, Aussiebum, Budgie Smugglers and Billabong. However these are the main competitors, therefore it can be established the market is not heavily saturated. In reference to Porters 5 forces model, the barriers to entry in the Australian Swimwear market are relatively low, due to the limited competitive landscape. Therefore, in considering the above factors in the CK opportunity analysis, and with additional consideration of the perceptual map, it can be determined there is a gap in the market that the CK limited edition range can penetrate. Objectives Objectives provide guidelines for the marketing team to work towards and foster a sense of purpose for the campaign. Our aim with the overall marketing program is to generate product awareness, promote our limited edition swimwear through effective means and increase our market share. Since this special edition line is not yet in the market our objective is to create relatively high market share within the Sydney region over the period of the campaign. We are also looking to increase consumption in the wider Sydney area by using a varied marketing mix. Furthermore we intend to use extensive print advertisements (billboard, magazine & catalogue) to increase awareness heading into the summer season. There are several main objectives in the CK campaign: Marketing Objectives Retain the CK brand image and further build brand equity through the introduction or extension of CK brand into the swimwear market Sales Objectives Obtain 35% market share in the swimwear industry (based in the Sydney region) by the conclusion of the campaign Generate net profit of excess than $2million Develop campaign within budgeted limitations Communication Objectives Create awareness of CK limited edition range through effective advertising mechanisms, seeking to persuade consumers to purchase the CK product. Target Audience Market Segmentation Geographic Segmentation The market can be segmented according to geographic characteristics or criteria, such as our campaign is based in NSW and predominantly focused in Sydney. The large population and climatic conditions (hot summers) of Sydney make it an appropriate and suitable geographic region to focus our campaign toward. Demographic Segmentation Division of the market based on characteristics such as gender, income and age; male 18-30 with a moderate to high income. These demographic features enable CK, to develop a suitable product meeting consumer demands and design an effective marketing campaign to reach the projected audience. Psychographic Segmentation The underpinning marketing strategy the CK campaign will adopt, is predominantly based on appealing to the target markets sense of insecurity and desire to ‘look good’ and ‘sexy’ through purchasing and wearing the CK briefs. Factors to consider in this segmentation include; lifestyle, personality characteristics, social class and values. Essentially, the typical CK consumer would enjoy a luxurious lifestyle in the middle to high social class range and additionally personality traits may include; fashion conscious as well as desire to be socially accepted. Target Market Primary Audience Our target audience consists of males aged 18-30 in the Sydney region, with typically a higher disposable income (to purchase the trunks at RRP $129.95). Through market segmentation, we have identified this segment of the market to be our projected audience, and from this we are able to develop a effective marketing campaign to reach and persuade consumers. Secondary Audience Our secondary target audience, is the respective partners and mothers (girlfriends & mothers) of the males age 18-30. Therefore, we have incorporated into our marketing strategy, print advertisements in women’s magazines. Women are the positioned target market to purchase the product as a gift or present for their partners. Positioning Ultimately, this refers to the process of establishing an image, identity or stigma in the minds of the consumers that they associate with the brand. The Calvin Klein brand has an existing brand identify in the minds of consumers, in that typically it is viewed as a ‘sexy’ or ‘sultry’ and an enticing brand. Therefore, for the extension into the swimwear industry we are ultimately seeking to maintain this positioning in the minds of the consumer. Communications Strategy Message The purpose of the campaign is to generate brand exposure and generate awareness and stimulate demand for the new range of limited edition swimwear. Ultimately, the campaign is maintaining the typical elements of CK marketing in its minimalistic, black and white and controversial style to align with the overall CK brand image. The objective of the campaign is to generate a sense of exclusivity and ‘want’ for the CK swimwear range, through positioning of the advertisements and promotional activities it is seeking to attract the young male target audience who have interest or concern with appearance and comfort of their swimwear. Typically, CK  advertisements are considered ‘provocative’ and feature attractive, muscular male models which appeal on a social level to the target audiences sense of esteem and confidence. Therefore, through using attractive and famous public figures, such as the Stenmark twins and celebrity endorsements, consumers will believe if they purchase the swimwear they will too look as ‘attractive’ as those that appear in the advertisement. Source Ultimately, Calvin Klein is the source or sender of the information to their respective intended receiver. In using a celebrity or model endorsement (Stenmark twins), it is crucial to ensure the consumer perspectives and associations of the source as positive and align with the brand image. The ultimate objective or goal of the source or sender is to encode the message in a succinct and effective manner so that the target audience or receiver is able to understand and comprehend the key message. Channel A communications channel refers to the medium through which the message is communicated to the target audience or the receiver. Typically, Calvin Klein campaigns adopt a ‘non personal’ channel of communication that is the message is carried to the receiver without interpersonal contact from the sender. An example of this would include the Calvin Klein billboards, which are advertised to a mass audience. Additionally, the CK campaign would incorporate personal channels of communication, which includes direct contact with the target audience. Personal channels, such as the proposed pop-up shows and demonstrations, assist in both brand exposure and the development of rapport with the public and the respective target audience. Therefore, through adopting both forms of communication channels (personal and non-personal) Calvin Klein seeks to maximize brand exposure and effectively communicate the intended message to the target audience. Receiver Essentially, the receiver refers to the audience or individuals exposed to the message. Typically, the intended receiver is the target audience; males aged 18-30 in the middle to high-end income segment and living in Sydney.  The role of the receiver is to decode the key messages, for example the CK swimwear makes you look and feel sexy and confident, in the communication material, and process them forming an informed opinion or thought. Feedback The response or reaction to the exposure to the message can indicate the effectiveness of the campaign or advertisement in reaching and communicating with the target audience. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a follow up study (focus group) or assessment to gather an understanding of the effectiveness of the advertisement and identify the areas development or improvement. Creative Strategy Essentially, the purpose of the proposed creative strategy is to obtain consumer attention and mass exposure and to encourage or provoke consumers to purchase the CK swimwear range. Inline with the simplistic style and themes (for example black and white) of previous campaigns, the proposed advertisement will too incorporate the typical elements found in CK promotions, thus ensuring a consistent brand image. Currently, CK has excellent consumer brand recognition thus in maintaining the typical CK marketing theme consumers are able to more easily identify the brand. Ultimately, the creative strategy is a crucial element of the IMC plan, as it outlines the predominant message and purpose of the advertisement and assists in determining the brand positioning; that is how consumers perceive the CK product. Advertising Problem or Issue The predominant problem or issue is how to effectively reach, connect and prompt or encourage the target audience to purchase the CK swimwear. Advertising and Communication Objectives †¢Generate greater brand awareness and brand equity; informing consumers of the new CK swimwear range (notifying the general population that the CK brand has diversified into men’s swimwear) whilst simultaneously gaining consumer attention (that of the public and target market) †¢Maintain brand image; achieved through utilizing the same CK theme of the attractive model, black and white photo on billboards across the Sydney region and print advertisements †¢Persuade target audience to purchase product; through specific marketing tactics, such as adopting designs to appeal to the consumers affective functions or conscious, the campaign seeks to prompt or encourage consumers to purchase the swimwear. Target Audience As previously outlined, the target audience is the select group of customers to aim the marketing efforts toward, in respect to the CK campaign our target market is males 18-30 living in Sydney. The simplicity of the campaign is designed based on characteristics of the target market, which is the tendency for males of the 18-30-age bracket to not read or absorb large amounts of information in advertisements. Therefore, as males tend to simply view an image, through the affective advertising approach, the campaign may prompt them to purchase the product as it appeals to social based feelings of acceptance and esteem. Additionally, in utilizing attractive models and simplistic campaigns this also attracts the target markets respective partners, females. Females are motivated by the image of an attractive man in trunks, and may purchase the product in hope their man can look like the model. Major Selling Idea or Key Benefits In adopting the affective appeals approach, the campaign seeks to indirectly influence or play on the consumers sense of security, acceptance and esteem (socially based appeals) prompting them to purchase the swimwear in order to ‘feel and look good’. It is crucial to consider ‘the promise’ or benefit the advertisement is going to give the consumer, for example the CK suggests men who buy the swimwear range to look attractive, sexy and sultry which in-turn may attract females. Therefore it is inn appealing to the target audience’s sense of security and acceptance, the campaign encourages males to purchase the swimwear. Creative Strategy Statement (Theme appeal and execution techniques) †¢Theme appeal; It is important the campaigns theme remains consistent with past  marketing efforts, as it fosters brand consistency and brand recognition. Therefore, using black and white billboard advertisements with attractive males models is an essential part of the campaign to launch the new swimwear range. Supporting Information and Requirements †¢Ad Layout; in relation to the composition of the billboard and magazine layouts, it is crucial to have a visual element and the CK logo present and easily identifiable. Essentially, the logo and brand name must be present and easily visible enabling consumers quick and easy brand recognition. Additionally, the image must for fill the brief of being sultry and sexy thus appealing to the target audiences social based feelings. Sample billboard and magazine layouts may be found in the media planning section below. Budget Proposed Budgeting and Forecasting Media Planning Essentially, the purpose of the proposed creative strategy is to obtain consumer attention and mass exposure and to encourage or provoke consumers to purchase the CK swimwear. It is crucial to consider ‘when’ the promotional activities are run to ensure the effectiveness of the campaign. The CK campaign will begin with a ‘bang’ and launch with all advertising mediums in place to generate initial mass exposure and attention. Gradually as the campaign proceeds, CK will alternate which magazines it advertises in to achieve greatest market coverage. Additionally, the billboards will run through the entirety of the campaign, as despite their cost, they act as an effective reminder for consumers and are thus a vital aspect of our strategy. Our media campaign will involve several different types of advertising within the media mix, with media coverage focused on ensuring that Sydney males aged 18-30 receive the most media emphasis. Develop media Mix †¢Catalogue †¢Magazine print advertisement †¢Billboard †¢Point of purchase displays *refer to media strategy for in-depth review Geographic Location Our advertising activities will extend from the throughout the Sydney region. However our main advertisements will be based around the beaches close to Sydney’s CBD. The Eastern Suburbs (bondi), Northern Suburbs and Northern beaches will be our primary locations for advertisements. Scheduling We are using the flighting method of scheduling here due to the specificity of our product line. We are only looking to advertise when our target market is interested in swimming (Summer & Spring) and therefore flighting is the best method in order to reduce wastage. Month in Campaign Promotional Activities Spring; September’13 Initial Launch, all advertising mediums in place to generate mass attention and exposure, generate a buzz around the producta.Set up point of purchase displays at retail stores âž ¢Separate CK section in retail stores featuring large posters of campaign and catalogues for consumers to take b.Billboard launch âž ¢Sydney CBD location âž ¢Bondi Location c.Catalogue âž ¢distribution in retail outlets such as DJ & Myer âž ¢direct marketing, distribution of catalogues to existing customers on the CK database d.Magazine Advertisement âž ¢GQ monthly edition âž ¢Mens Health âž ¢Ralph âž ¢Gear âž ¢Cosmopolitan âž ¢Grazia âž ¢SHOP Spring; October ‘13 Settling into campaign, gentle reminders to consumers achieved through monthly magazine advertisements and consistency of billboard advertisements a.Billboard âž ¢Sydney CBD location âž ¢Bondi Location b.Catalogue âž ¢distribution in retail outlets such as DJ & Myer c.Magazine Advertisement âž ¢GQ monthly edition âž ¢Ralph âž ¢Cosmopolitan âž ¢SHOP Spring; November ‘13 Maturity of campaign, gentle reminders to consumers achieved through monthly magazine advertisements and consistency of billboard advertisements a.Billboard âž ¢Sydney CBD location âž ¢Bondi Location b.Catalogue âž ¢distribution in retail outlets such as DJ & Myer c.Magazine Advertisement âž ¢Mens Health âž ¢Gear âž ¢Grazia Summer; December ‘13 Beginning of Summer, therefore additional advertisements in magazines and more extensive catalogue distribution to remind consumers to purchase the product. Also leading upto Christmas, position as present idea. a.Billboard âž ¢Sydney CBD location âž ¢Bondi Location d.Catalogue âž ¢distribution in retail outlets such as DJ & Myer âž ¢direct marketing, distribution of catalogues to existing customers on the CK database e.Magazine Advertisement âž ¢GQ monthly edition âž ¢Mens Health âž ¢Ralph âž ¢Cosmopolitan âž ¢SHOP âž ¢Grazia Summer; January ‘14 Continuation of heavy promotional activities, as this month falls in peak of summer. a.Billboard âž ¢Sydney CBD location âž ¢Bondi Location b.Catalogue âž ¢distribution in retail outlets such as DJ & Myer c.Magazine Advertisement âž ¢GQ monthly edition âž ¢Mens Health âž ¢Ralph âž ¢Cosmopolitan âž ¢SHOP âž ¢Grazia Summer; February ‘14 Winding down of the campaign, reduction in advertisements. Cessation of catalogue distribution and limited magazine prints a.Billboard âž ¢Sydney CBD location âž ¢Bondi Location b.Magazine Advertisement âž ¢GQ monthly edition âž ¢Mens Health âž ¢Ralph Autumn; March ‘14 Concluding end of the campaign, involves winding down promotional activities such as stopping the magazine print advertisements and catalogue distribution a.Billboard âž ¢Sydney CBD location âž ¢Bondi Location Reach and Frequency This is the most important aspect of the media planning. Our target market is around 30% of Sydney’s population. Therefore, in order to increase awareness and raise sales levels we are only looking to reach 80% of our target market with our advertising message. On average we would like this 80% to view this message at least 3 times. By exposing large numbers of the target market we can ensure first year sales are high and we can maximise our profit. By placing our ads in highly populated areas we can certainly ensure that our target market is being reached effectively. †¢Reach; Marketing mix ensures exposure to the general public and the target audience, essentially they are exposed to the CK campaign through various mediums. †¢Frequency: Maintained billboard advertisements ensure constant exposure to both the public and the target audience. The frequency of the magazine advertisements also contributes to acting as a reminder mechanism for consumers to begin the decision making process, that is reminding them of the CK swimwear range and prompting them to purchase Creative aspects and mood Our marketing mix has been chosen specifically to ensure that the vehicles that portray our advertising message are creative whilst almost ensuring to enhance the mood of the target market. By using billboards and magazine advertising we can ensure that our message is evoked positively to the consumer. These media vehicles allow us to ensure that we gain interest in our product and increase the chances of the target market purchasing our product. Flexibility In order to achieve our company goals, there is a need to be flexible. Certain aspects of our media plan are more flexible then others. The most flexible promotion activity in the campaign, would be the distribution of the CK catalogues; this is due to the initial testing of the receptivity and consumer response. For example, if the catalogues receive a positive response, that is numerous consumers are taking and viewing them, essentially CK campaign manager should organise for more to be printed and distributed (template is already existing). Budget considerations Our budget magazine advertising is around $450,000 per year so to ensure we effectively use this media vehicle, we would place the advertisements in magazine that are read by our target market. In particular men’s health, which is read widely by 18-30 year old males who enjoy looking and feeling healthy. The CPM of Men’s Health is $145, however this doesn’t represent our target market effectively so we are only using magazine advertisements from September to February in order to avoid wastage. The billboard advertising creates difficulties in effectively reaching our target market, however  since our budget is around $200,000 we can afford to place these in three distinct and separate places. The Sydney CBD and Bondi are heavily populated by our target market, whether they live there or work there, by placing our billboards in these specific places we effectively use our budget and achieve our marketing objectives. Sample Billboard and Magazine Design The layout of both the image is designed to be the two Stenmark brothers posing in the CK swimwear (positioned toward the right of the advertisement; billboard and magazine), printed in black and white, with minimalistic writing positioned on the left ensuring the viewers eye reads the message then views the associated image; Sample billboard/magazine ad Media Strategy Media strategy takes into consideration the various tools of the IMC mix in recognition of achieving an organisations media objectives (Belch et al, 2012). Through the use of such disciplines as advertising, direct marketing, internet, interactive media, sales promotions, public relations, publicity and personal selling Calvin Klein will strive towards achieving their objectives with their new product line. Advertising; Print Media Magazines Calvin Klein summer 2013-14 campaign will include double paged spreads in various mens magazines (positioned in the opening pages of the magazines to capture the attention of the readers), including; Mens Health, Ralph, Gear and GQ. The advertisement, despite the high cost, is effective in reaching the target audience and prompting them to purchase the swimwear. The layout of the magazine advertisement will mirror the billboard campaign, the minimalistic black and white image featuring the Stenmark brothers. The advantages of a double page spread include the enhanced consumer receptivity and engagement (as the prominence of the ad ensures consumer attention) and secondly the prestige and permanence associated with print media. The second approach includes print advertisements in women’s magazines such as; Cosmopolitan, Grazia and SHOP. In having a print advertisement in womens magazines, the intention is to capture and persuade the female audience to purchase the swimwear for their boyfriends or partners. The main image of the print advertisement will change monthly to avoid the ‘wear out affect’, that is it will be slightly changed (the swimwear and the pose). Billboards Various billboards featuring the CK limited edition range will be featured around the Sydney region (CBD and bondi). The billboards will mirror the magazine print advertisements (fostering consistency), featuring the Stenmark brothers wearing the limited edition swimwear range. The advantages of using billboards include; maximum exposure to both the public and the target audience (in hope of walk by awareness). Direct Marketing Catalogue The limited edition range will develop a catalogue, directly sent to consumers in the CK database, informing them of the new product line. This immediately reaches out to the current brand loyal consumers, encouraging them to purchase the new range. Additionally, the catalogue assists in the exposure of the line to potential customers, as they are able to view images of the entire range. Internet and Interactive media Website Calvin Klein has an established website for their wide range of products, enabling consumers to view the companies history and view the latest collections. This website allows consumers to enquire into sizes, recommended prices and ‘in-season’ products which when the swimwear line of Calvin Klein is launched, it will feature on the home page to increase awareness. Paid Search Calvin Klein could strategically pay major search engines such as ‘Google’ to  promote Calvin Klein in the top sites promoted when such key words as ‘swimwear’ and ‘beachwear’ are searched. This way consumers are more likely to be directed towards exploring Calvin Klein swimwear range in contrast to other search results leading consumers towards competitors. Social Media; Instagram & Facebook CK aims to develop a stronger presence online and in the social media sector, as the target market characteristically uses these mediums often thus it remains an effective mechanism for reaching our intended audience. Public Relations Publicity A media release by Calvin Klein will be issued in a strive for positive publicity and brand exposure with the main message of the article highlighting the fact the CK brand has extended their product line to include ‘swimwear’. The purpose of the media release is to inform both the public and industry experts and fashionistas of the direction of the CK brand. Sales Promotion Point of purchase displays Point of purchase displays will be offered to major retailers of CK apparel such as Myer and David Jones. The display will include the products and the CK swimwear promotional video and catalogue for consumers to take. This will help to attract customers into the store and increase their sales, this will help to encourage distributors and retailers to carry and push our product. Distributors that promote our POPD’s will be entitled to a trade allowance. Celebrity Endorsement The Stenmark brothers (as pictured), are well known industry wide and in the Sydney region (from Riverview School) and are therefore appropriate figures to use as our campaign endorsements. The prestige and ‘sexy’ look associated with the brothers fosters the image and intention of the overall campaign. Personal Selling Recommending a way to satisfy the customer’s needs and wants It is our aim to continuously stay up to date with customers’ needs and wants and to always satisfy these. CK’s research and development team is determined to always be up to date with latest fashion trends and fads to help to always satisfy customers needs and wants. The limited edition range, includes the latest in fabric innovation, that fosters increased comfort for consumers. Closing the sale Major retail chains will be provided the opportunity to sell the new CK swimwear range (such a David Jones and Myers) . The employees of these retail outlets will be provided educational material with special selling points to help them promote the product and close the sale. Incentives for staff will be provided with free products and discounts for exceptional personal selling efforts. Follow ups Retail assistants will be provided the opportunity to provide feedback to CK on the customers likes, dislikes and opinions on the product range as well as their own findings. This will help the ensure that the customer’s needs and wants are always maintained to a high standard. Campaign Evaluation In assessing the success and effectiveness of the campaign there are various factors to take into consideration including; sales figures, marketing goals, advertisement content, media mix and the creation process. Sales Figures Comparison of actual and projected sales results, is an indicator of the success of the campaign. This involves assessing the percentage of growth, and whether this met or didn’t meet the objectives and expectations. Additionally, it is crucial to consider the context of the period of selling, for example the strength of the economy or stage it is at in can have implications or heavily influence the sales results of the CK range. According to our projected budget our net profit aims to reach $2,582,390.00 which would generate a healthy return for CK. Marketing Goals This involves assessing whether the marketing goals and objectives were met. For example, if the marketing objectives were met in terms of the desired market share. Additionally consider if the advertisements were reaching the intended market. Advertisement Content Consider was the underlying message of the campaign communicated to the market, were they able to easily understand and absorb the message. Additionally, consider did the billboards and magazine advertisements for fil the purpose of reaching out to the customers and informing them of the new limited edition range? And also how was the message received by the target market? Did it provoke a positive or negative response and why? In order to gather this data, CK can conduct interviews and surveys from consumers to gain understanding of the varied responses and identify room for improvement for future campaigns. Media Mix Consider the different mediums used in the promotional campaign, billboard, magazine and shows, and which medium seemed to be the most successful and why. Crucial to compare sales figures across the different mediums (magazines and billboards) and identify net and gross profits to identify areas of strengths and weaknesses. Creating Process Consideration of the time frame of the campaign and whether the required tasks were completed on time to a professional standard, additionally if the campaign stayed within the budget. In overall evaluation of the campaign, with consideration of the elements outlined above, the campaign is projected to run successfully and generate a significant profit for CK. Conclusion In summary, this report has discussed the integrated marketing communications plan for the introduction of the new limited edition Calvin Klein swimwear  range. It has outlined the marketing strategies and promotional activities to be implemented to ensure a successful campaign, in turn ensuring organizational objectives are achieved. Appendices Campaign Evaluation Template Unknown, viewed 24th September 2012, http://www.biztree.com/Templates/Marketing-Campaign-Evaluation.html Unknown, Calvin Klein, viewed 1st October 2012, J.McLaughlin, March 31, 2010, Calvin Klein: A Brand History, viewed 24th September < http://www.time2.co.uk/blog/brand-history-calvin-klein > Additional References A.Brannon, B.Chirichella, C.Schaffer & J.Wittmer, 16th November 2012, Calvin Klein, viewed 24th September 2012 A. Kesper 2011, Australia, a nation transformed, viewed 24th September 2012 Belch, George and Belch, Michael 2012, Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective, 9th Edition, viewed 24th September 2012 D. Waller 2012, Developing your intergrated marketing communication plan, 1st Edition, viewed 24th September 2012. J.McLaughlin, March 31, 2010, Calvin Klein: A Brand History, viewed 24th September < http://www.time2.co.uk/blog/brand-history-calvin-klein > Unknown, Advertising and Marketing Communications, viewed 24th September 2012 Unknown, International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 55. St. James Press, 2003, Calvin Klein, Inc. History, viewed 25th September< http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/calvin-klein-inc-history/ > Unknown, PVH, Our Company: Leadership, viewed 29th September 2012, N.Smith 2012, Gentlemen’s Quarterly 2012 Media Kit, viewed 29th September 2012,

Management Levels, Functions, Roles, and Skills Coursework

Management Levels, Functions, Roles, and Skills - Coursework Example The first level of management is strategic management, operated by superior management, dealing with policymaking, crisis handling, and direction-setting. The decisions made at this level would be typical for a longer period. The second level is tactical management, performed by middle-line managers along with establishing ways to the corporate ends, activating resources and innovating. The decisions made at this level would work probably for a year. Thirdly, operational management is executed by supervisors and deals with daily activities.   Management functions include planning which entails the determination of strategies, objectives, policies, schedules and procedures and collection of resources. A function of organizing incorporates the arrangement of tasks and the setup of authority levels, information channels, and the division of tasks into groups. Moreover, in the command function, the management has to prescribe orders to subordinates to help them complete the objectives. Further, coordinating incorporates the procedure of synchronization of the goals of organization, individuals, and groups as well. Additionally, in the function of controlling, the management is liable to supervise the operations being executed and recognizes and corrects errors.   There are three types of roles that are performed by the managers. Initially, managers perform the roles of interpersonal. This role is largely dependent on the manager’s rank. This role entails three subdivisions, namely, figurehead, leader, and liaison. Secondly, the role of being informational makes the managers access all inner and outer channels of communication. Thirdly, the role of being decisional allows managers to take decisions of the organization. It can be further sub fractioned into an entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allotter, and negotiator.  

Forensic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forensic - Essay Example Secondly, the entire scene has to be documented with the specific location of where the evidence was found indicated. Thirdly, the digital evidence is collected, labelled and preserved. After that, the already secured evidence is packed and transported in a secure manner. Lastly, it is presented in court without any alterations. It is important to follow all the steps in order maximise on the viability of the evidence. Poor handling of the evidence, is likely to render it in usable due to tampering (CDESF Working Group, 2006). Once at the scene, I had to ensure that I record what is visible on the screen as I wait the full legal authority team to seize the evidence to continue with further examination of the computer. After seizing the computer, I will label, pack and transport it to a secure place so that it can be used to provide evidence. Encryption was used in the past to prevent people from viewing incriminating files (Taylor, Haggerty, Gresty, & Hegarty, 2010). A message is encoded using a particular key, hence making it impossible for anybody to decrypt it. Lastly, media database systems can be unified into one. Encryption and stenography can be used legitimately by forensic examiners to ensure that there is minimal tampering with the collected evidence. Stenography was used in the past to ensure confidential communication. Secondly, it can be used to protect data since it is

Proposal on Energy Management Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On Energy Management - Research Proposal Example So, one sees US invading Iran and Middle East to get its hands on the oil reservoirs, Pakistan shifting from natural gas to coal and other countries following the same pattern (Fawkes, 2007). Another reason energy management has gained so much importance in the past few decades is because the world as a whole has undergone industrialization largely (Beggs, 34, 1999). From industrial revolution to the internet boom of 90s, there are very few economies left, which have not adapted to the change and these economies are either isolated or agrarian. All the rest of the economies have adapted to the change that the industrial revolution brought, and therefore are heavily reliant on industries, machineries, factories, and technology for their very subsistence and sustenance. More, these industrial economies need magnanimous amount of energy resources to run their respective economies without crashing (Moss, 28, 1994). Thus, energy management and optimal usage of this energy turns out to be the most pressing concerns of the economic systems around the world (AEE, 89, 1991). Out of all the energy resources, oil and gas serve to be the most widely used and thus the most significant ones of all. With their easy accessibility and efficiency of usage, economies have strived to never run out of these two energy resources. However, in the light of recent economic recession, many economists and observers think that the production of oil and gas is falling short of their respective requirements. This paper is an attempt to propose some guidelines for oil and gas industries to come at par with the growing demand of sustainable energy round the world and to highlight its importance. As the proposal suggests, the exploration and production of oil and gas needs acceleration in order to come at par with the current demands. Literature Review As one seeks to understand the mechanisms of energy management, two very important terms come up. Energy Intensity: It is a measure of energy r equired per unit output. Thus, using less energy to derive a product reduces energy intensity. Energy Efficiency: Inverse of energy intensity, energy efficiency increases when the given units of output results from diminished levels of energy input or a given level of energy is followed by an improved level of output or the service intended. Thus, energy intensity increases when energy efficiency is reduced and vice versa. As one compares different industries that produces materials for energy production, one finds that all industries are subjected to change. The changes can be structural like a shift in the product ranges from higher energy-intensive to lower energy-intensive or behavioral depending on the target market and their fluctuating inclinations. It is now important to turn to the issue at hand: how can oil and gas industry learn from other industries with regard to efficient energy usage and production efficiency? As a template, it is ideal to juxtapose China’s flo urishing coal industry to America’s oil and gas industry; and bridge connections and comparisons between the two. One of the main features of China’s coal industry is that it is a home industry and China manufactures all the coal by itself. This reduces its imports by a great margin. On the other hand, US economy imports coal from gulf regions and is therefore highly dependent on other countries for its economy (Petrecca, 45, 1993). Another important factor to consider when

Business Research Methods Part 3 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Research Methods Part 3 - Term Paper Example Another potential challenge lies in data collection and analysis. Sometimes the data might be outdated or the researcher may not be able to collect comprehensive data to carry out research. Another challenge is to prioritize and filter information from the data – both qualitative and quantitative. The researcher needs to abandon redundant information and include only those which are relevant to his or her research (Sittig et al, 2008). There may be several methods which a researcher may employ in order to reduce the challenges and increase the authenticity of data used in research. Here the researcher has conducted both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the healthcare dilemma in American households. One of them is to involve iterative methods and the refinement and development of analogies, typologies and other methods to analyze data (Fitzpatrick & Boulton 1996). This is extremely important especially when qualitative methods of data collection are employed. The researcher may be biased or the participants may be biased in providing their observations and answers. Hence, conducting iteration is one way to reduce such bias in data analysis. Another way to authenticate and validate the data collected in research is to properly prioritize and sort out the data.

Organ Donor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organ Donor - Essay Example It might be true that the living donors experience financial problems because of their altruistic behavior (Alvaro & Siegel, 2009). For instance, an organ donor can incur costs such as traveling and accommodation. However, being an organ donor is very elemental in life (Stevens, 2008). Donation of an organ saves life. It is evident that organ donation has contributed immensely to the health sector. Organ donation has significantly lowered the number of deaths that were associated with failure of main organs such as the heart and liver. In connection with this, some people claim that organ donors lose their income in addition to failing to provide care to their children because of the complications that result from donating an organ (Garg, 2006). Such assertions might be right, but it is also evident that organ donation improves the lives of over 50 people depending on the type of organs donated (Alvaro & Siegel, 2009). For instance, it is evident that the lives of most people with or gan failures are improved through transplantation of organs such as kidneys, eyes, and bones. Thus, it is through donor’s donation of such organs that recipients manage to resume their lifestyles. Some people also associate organ donation with occurrence of traumatic disorders. According to them, loss of the donated organ together with the life of the recipient makes a donor develop traumatic disorders. Such assertions might be true because of lack of understanding on what would have been done in order to save that lost life. It is also true that a donor risks his or her life when making a choice of donating an organ. However, it is evident that families of the deceased who became a donor feel relieved from the pain of losing a loved one through associating the deceased with the saving of other lives. Thus, it is evident that the donation of the organs by an individual helps

The interface to a mobile (wireless) webcamera Essay

The interface to a mobile (wireless) webcamera - Essay Example In addition, a camera or a TV receiver can be added to the mobile communication terminal to display a moving picture. A mobile communication terminal equipped with the camera can display the moving picture and a still picture by taking a photograph of an object, and can also transmit a photographed image to other mobile communication terminals. in this way we can able to display the moving picture if any camera or a TV receiver can be added to the mobile communication terminal which have some high speed data and communication and voice communication will also be attended by using a mobile communication terminal. However, when taking a photograph by using the camera of the mobile communication terminal, a user must manually push a button on the camera body to activate a camera shutter. Therefore, if a user wants to take a photograph of himself/herself by using the camera of the mobile communication terminal, the user will have to stretch and extend his/her hand that is gripping the mobile communication terminal to a proper camera range and push the camera shutter activation button. Accordingly, although the user can take a photograph of his or her face or other body part, it is impossible to photograph the user's entire body when the user takes a photograph of him/her using the camera of the mobile communication terminal. by using the camera of the mobile communication terminal, the user will have to stretch and extend his/her hand that is gripping the mobile communication terminal to a proper camera range and push the camera shutter activation button.3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION - Accordingly, the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems occurring in the prior art, and an object of the present invention is to provide a mobile communication terminal capable of taking a photograph by using a remote-controlled camera equipped therein

Coperate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coperate Social Responsibility - Essay Example In continuation with their philosophy on CR, these businesses focus on CR activities through the Community Committees, which have been formed to initiate, guide and channel employee engagement for the purpose of contributing to economic development while improving the quality of life of the local community that they function in. Proactively creating service excellence environment rather than reacting to end customer need is one of the ways of attaining sustainability. Positive Employee Engagement means creating a management practice which complements speedy knowledge enhancement and proactively rewards performance by staff. Proactive Relationship Management means to become a forward-looking company that anticipates business partner needs and satisfies future demand as "first movers" or at least early movers. The environmental effects of infrastructure and power plants that may cause potential harm to the environment. People are now more engaged in making their companies up for sustainable development wherein they continuously strive for success and expansion of business but still very willing to promote environment safety and protection. The United States should ensure that the new and existing companies are all geared toward sustainable development and also motivated in helping alleviate or prevent environmental pollution which also affects economic status and international trade due several reason stated below. US should also ensure that their property rights are specific, encompassing and executed properly so as to prevent losses due to violation of these international laws. Fair-trade A country's comparative advantage in environmentally intensive goods depends on, among other factors, its natural resource endowments, climate, distance to neighboring countries, and length of shared borders. It also depends of density, health, wealth, demographic structure and preferences of its population, including their valuation of environmental resources and amenities, their willingness and ability to pay for conservation, and their tolerance for pollution. Exploitation of natural resources may be sustainable such as in eco-tourism and logging carefully coordinated with reforestation or unsustainable such as when reducing stocks of endangered species and rampant deforestation. Exploitation depends on how property rights are assigned, the level and pace of society's economic and technological development, and possible profit margins and social preferences concerning the environment. Changes in environment can also influence trade patterns. Trade raises welfare only when the gains from the trade more than compensate for environmental degradation. Conversely, environmental policies should balance environmental improvements against reduction in the gains from trade at the margin. There is trade in endangered species, trade in toxic waste and trade in other environmentally hazardous products. The Role of NGOs and pressure groups These modern day heroes of corporate social

Future Marketing Implications (Response 1) Assignment

Future Marketing Implications (Response 1) - Assignment Example With the advancement of internet marketing, the future implications of marketing will mean that a person will be able to market any product or service from anywhere in the world and in real time (Perrault, Cannon, & McCarthy, 2009). Secondly, I think the student has missed the point by bringing in the issue of global warming as being a consequence of various marketing strategies. In my opinion, they should have discussed the future implications in terms of how marketing would have influenced both the microeconomics and the macroeconomics of a country amid globalization. The idea of marketing bringing in illnesses is a bit farfetched as most companies struggle to give their customers the best in the market, closely following internationally accepted standards of production and quality assurance. Besides, it is the duty of every consumer to be aware of the products and services and their side effects irrespective of what the law says about such products and services. Marketing is a multifaceted tool in business and can have various implications like rapidly growing economy, and improved communication channels and strategies (Perrault, Cannon, & McCarthy,

Religious Believers Understand More Essay Example for Free

Religious Believers Understand More Essay To discuss this statement first we must look at the definition of understanding. Religious believers and scientists would probably differ in their definitions and therefore disagree from the beginning. A religious person would perhaps say that understanding the world means knowing how to be a good person, how to live a good life and fulfill Gods plan. A scientist would probably disagree, saying that understanding the world is having a wide knowledge and good comprehension of how the world works including theories like evolution and understanding why and how things occur. Another slight problem with this statement is its implication that one cannot be a religious believer and a scientist when in fact there are many religious scientists who seem to have science and religion existing harmoniously in their lives. If we are defining understanding as understanding how to live a good life, then I believe that the Bible and Religious Believers do understand more about the world than Scientists do. Religious Believers have a better understanding of how the universe and mans place in it was set up, but its hard for people to understand correctly because its not in scientific terms, its in myths and metaphors. You cant see it with our available scientific instruments, its something you experience. Religious Believers have direct guidance from their Holy texts, e.g. for the Jewish faith, the Torah on how to live their life. They are taught, by the Ten Commandments, that they are not to steal, not to commit adultery and not to murder. One criticism of scientists is that a number of assumption are made to give parameters to an experiment. Also perception can be fallible, as we expect to see things, so we see them. We don’t expect to see them, so we miss them out. In response to this, in the parable the invisible gardener; where the religious believer trusts that the gardener came but couldn’t be seen and the other (scientist) believing that there couldn’t be a gardener because there was no empirical evidence of this. This shows that even though there was no evidence of the gardener or God they still hold a belief, whereas the scientist had to be proven. Some claim that believers only want hope. Religious Believers hope for the return of their â€Å"invisible gardener†, while New Atheists (Richard Dawkins and his followers) have no expectations of a new life after death, thereforelive their lives without fear of an almighty God smiting them down. In this situation, one could argue that the Religious Believer is playing it safe, however they still understand the world better, in many cases they see it as an almighty being’s creation. In conclusion, I believe that, although Scientists have proof of the age of the earth, and that they have proven many facts of the Earth, They do not have as good guidance as Religious Believers do on understanding life.

My brothers cried Essay Example for Free

My brothers cried Essay Originally is a poem set upon the main themes of growing up. By looking at the poem in depth, I have come to a conclusion that Carol Ann Duffy is the persona who is writing with a childs perspective as when she was a child. In verse one, The poet creates a sense of noise and chaos by saying how each member of her family are making noise and moving. Mother singing My brothers cried both of these quotes contribute to the feeling of noise and chaos. Two metaphors, which are found in the poem by Carol Ann Duffy, could be fell through the fields miles rushed back. They show that they were in the countryside. It also shows that they are using some form of transport, which may be train or car. I assumed by reading the poem that the reader was a young girl, and when she is sitting down where on the journey, it feels like you are stationary so it feels as if everything is rushing towards yourself. This demonstrates the Childs prospective. On the last line of the first verse, the metaphor shows that the young girl is looking at one of her toys, which maybe a bear with button eyes, and as she has grown up a fraction more than she was, she may now understand that toys do not have feelings, and they are only buttons as the eyes so they cannot really see things. She makes us feel like a child is commenting here because when youre at such a young age, you think that toys really do live on their own world and they have the same senses as us. I. e. touch, taste, feel, hear, pain etc. I think that the whole poem focuses mainly on sudden interruptions because from each paragraph is a different age section of her life. You can also see by the poem that as each paragraph develops, the way it is written and the style of wording develops, as if the child is becoming increasingly mature and adult-like. The Childs vulnerability is shown in verse two by using such words as big boys eating worms and shouting words you didnt understand perhaps this is hinting that maybe the big boys who were eating worms were swearing or saying words which she was too young to have come across. The last word in verse two is italicised because the narrator (who is a daughter) is speaking and it also shows that she is missing where she used to live as a child. In verse three, the child is less vulnerable now she has settled in because she is now used to everything. But then you forget this shows that now the narrator has lived for quite a few years, she tends to forget her past easier. The narrator now speaks in a comforted tone and gives away the idea of being a lot more worried about life in general as compared to when she was younger and slightly unsure about moving. Now that she has fitted in well, she now understands how it feels like to be part of their community. The change is compared to the shedding of a snakes skin. They are compared with each other because it is in conjunction with her voice changing i. e. maybe she has changed language or they use a different accent. Or simply her voice could have just changed with age. Now that she is used to the changes, she feels as if she has completely lost her old voice I lost a river, culture, speech, sense of first space This could potentially be a good or bad thing but we assume it is for good because she prefers being accepted and fitting in when she didnt think she would ever. The person created in the poem, we could comfortably say that it is a girl, even though no evidence backs up this statement. I assume by reading between the lines that she is around the age of 8-12 because on the journey, she sees thing not as clearly as adults do. My voice in the classroom sounding just like the rest This also shows that she is a school pupil so she must be fairly young. The setting in the poem is created by the feelings shown by the young girl. Fell through the fields This shows that they used to live in the country side, but they moved to a rural area where flats and estates can be found Pebble-dashed estates So maybe the girl is unsure of the area when she realises that where she is moving to is a lot more busy and lively. The use of 3 verses is a very good idea for several reasons. For one, it defines the maturing of her age, which is put across using methods such as different tones of voice, and more complex metaphors and sentences. The whole poem could be mapped out as journey. The first verse demonstrates the beginning of her life and when the family move. Second verse indicating the actual journey, and the becoming older stage, whilst trying to get used to moving. With the last verse when she has settled in her new area, and it has a quote on the last line which demonstrates her socialising with her friends, and seems to have fitted in really well.

Single-port Complete Thoracoscopic Lobectomy Feasibility

Single-port Complete Thoracoscopic Lobectomy Feasibility Clinical comparisons of single-port versus three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer patients Abstract Objective: To compare the feasibility and safety of single-port versus three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 60 lung cancer patients from June 2014 to August 2014 in Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University. There were 30 patients in single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy group (single-port group) and other 30 in three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy group (three-port group). Total lymph node harvest, mediastinal lymph node harvest, dissection of mediastinal lymph node groups, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, extubation time, postoperative hospital stay, visual analogue scale (VAS) one day after operation, and the complication rate were thoroughly compared between the two groups. Results: There were no significant differences in total lymph node harvest, mediastinal lymph node harvest, dissection of mediastinal lymph node groups, intraoperative blood loss, extubation time, postoperative hospital stay, and complication rate between the two groups (p> 0.05). However, the operation time of single-port group (209.0 ±45.5 min) was significantly longer than that of three-port group (154.5 ±30.9 min) (p Conclusion: For lung cancer patients, the feasibility and safety of single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy is similar to three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy. Compared with three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy, the operation time of single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy is longer, but its postoperative pain is gentler. As the experience accumulating, single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy should be popularized with its merits of minimal invasiveness. Keywords: single-port, three-port, lobectomy, lung cancer. Introduction: Currently, lobectomy is the prior intervention to treat early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [1]. As a minimally invasive technique, thoracoscopic lobectomy has been widely used in current thoracic department [2]. Although single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy has been introduced to treat NSCLC, no literature was available to compare its feasibility and safety with three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective comparison study in lung cancer patients enrolled from June 2014 to August 2014 to investigate the feasibility and safety of single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy. 1. Methods and materials 1.1 General information A total of 60 lung cancer patients from June 2014 to August 2014 in Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital were included in this retrospective study. There were 30 patients in single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy group (single-port group) and other 30 in three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy group (three-port group). All patients underwent associated examination such as thoracic computed tomography (CT), cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), skeletal emission computed tomography (ECT), and abdominal and cervical color Doppler ultrasound (CDU). Positron emission tomography-CT (PET-CT) might also need to be conducted to exclude metastasis if necessary. Electrocardiogram, cardiac CDU, and pulmonary function test were conducted to assess cardiopulmonary function. The inclusion criteria include: 1) patients with stage I-II (cTNM classification) peripheral lung cancer; 2) no thoracic surgery history; 3) lobectomy can be tolerated by card iopulmonary function; 4) preoperative complications have been stably controlled. 1.2 Anesthesia and surgical procedure Double-lumen endobronchial tubes (DLT) were used for intubation for the two groups, and the healthy lung received ventilation. All patients underwent thoracoscopic lobectomy under general anesthesia. For single-port group, a 3.5-4.5cm incision was made from the 4th intercostal space to the 5th intercostal space along the anterior axillary line. The patients underwent thoracoscopic lobectomy with video assistance. For three-port group, a 1.5cm observation port was made on the cross point of midaxillary line and the 7th intercostal space, and a 2-4cm operation port was made on the cross point of anterior axillary line and the 4th/5th intercostal space. A 1.5-2.5cm operation-aided port was made on the cross point of the 7th intercostal space and infrascapular line. For peripheral lung cancer, pulmonary wedge resection was conducted to remove the focus. Once the resection samples were confirmed as malignant tumor by fast frozen pathology, the following standard lobectomy and mediastinal lymphadenectomy would be employed. For central lung cancer, standard lobectomy was conducted. Once the resection samples were confirmed as malignant tumor by fast frozen pathology, the following mediastinal lymphadenectomy would be employed. Electrocautery and ultrasonic scalpel were used to distract the vessels and bronchus. Suture clamps were used to fix great vessels such as pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery and so on. Hemolock, titanium clip, electrocautery, ultrasonic scalpel and silk ligation were used to handle small vessels. No definite order was made to conduct the lobectomy, which mostly depended on the development of interlobar fissure. Specimen bag was used to extract the removals preventing from contaminating the cuts, and analgesia pumps were used for the two groups. Indications for removing the drain included: 24h drainage flow was less than 100mL; postoperative lung recruitment was favorable without pleural effusion. 1.3 Observation parameters The observation parameters included: 1) parameters during perioperative period: operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage flow, postoperative thoracic cavity drainage time, visual analogue scale (VAS) one day after operation, postoperative hospital stay, death rate during perioperative period, complications during perioperative period. 2) parameters related to tumor resection: total lymph node harvest, node-positive number, node-positive rate, N1 lymph nodes, N2 lymph nodes, N2 lymph node rate, and N2 lymph node groups. 1.4 Statistical methods Statistical software SPSS 16.0 was conducted to analyze the data. Quantitative data was showed as x ±s, and independent t-test was used to test the group comparisons. Enumeration data was presented as rate, and χà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ test was used to test group comparisons. Statistical significance was set as P 2. Results 2.1 Clinical characteristics There were no significant differences in sex, age, tumor location, postoperative pathological type, tumor invasion, visceral pleura invasion, and tumor classification, respectively (P> 0.05) (Table 1). In addition, there were no significant differences in total lymph node harvest, positive lymph node number, total mediastinal lymph node harvest, and dissection of mediastinal lymph node groups (P> 0.05) (Table 2). Table 1. Comparisons of pathological information between single-port group and three-port group. Single-port group (n=30) Three-port group (n=30) P value Gender 0.183 Male 9 11 Female 21 19 Age (year)* 25-77(61) 45-70(58) 0.583 Tumor location 0.096 Left upper lobe 8 4 Left inferior lobe 5 3 Right upper lobe 8 9 Right middle lobe 3 4 Right inferior lobe 6 10 Tumor type 0.341 Adenocarcinoma 25 22 Squamous carcinoma 2 6 Others 3 2 Tumor invasion 0.583 Carcinoma in situ 2 0 Micro invasion 5 6 Invasion 23 24 Visceral pleura invasion 0.799 No 22 21 Yes 8 9 TNM classification 0.989 Stage 0 1 1 Stage Ia 14 10 Stage Ib 6 10 Stage IIa 2 3 Stage IIb 3 2 Stage IIIa 4 4 *age:extreme value (median). Table 2. Comparisons of lymph node harvest between single-port and three-port group. Single-port group (n=30) Three-port group (n=30) P value Total lymph node harvest 23.6 ±11.2 25.4 ±7.3 0.737 Positive lymph nodes 1.5 ±3.1 1.9 ±4.9 0.971 Total mediastinal lymph node harvest 16.2 ±9.2 17.2 ±6.5 0.731 Dissection of mediastinal lymph node groups 4.4 ±1.0 4.4 ±0.8 0.637 2.2 Perioperative information All operations were under the video-assistance of total thoracoscopic lobectomy without other assisted endoscope incision. There were no deaths during preoperative period. However, there were a total of five cases with complications, two cases (1 case of arrhythmia; 1 case of systemic infections) in single-port group (6.7%), and another three cases (1 case of arrhythmia; 1 case of air leakage; 1 case of chylothorax) in three-port group (10.0%). There was no significant difference in complications between the two groups (P>0.05). Additionally, no significant differences in intraoperative blood loss, postoperative extubation time and postoperative hospital stay were observed (P>0.05). However, operation time in single-port group (209.0 ±45.5 min) was longer than that in three-port group (154.5 ±30.9min) (P Table 3. Comparisons of perioperative outcomes between single-port and three-port group Single-port group (n=30) Three-port group (n=30) P value Operation time (min) 209.0 ±45.5 154.5 ±30.9 0.000 Intraoperative blood loss (ml) 90.6 ±49.3 79.5 ±45.2 0.840 Postoperative extubation time (d) 4.0 ±1.5 5.4 ±3.7 0.256 Postoperative VAS 3.6 ±0.7 5.5 ±1.0 0.000 Postoperative hospital stay (d) 6.9 ±4.0 8.5 ±11.8 0.441 Postoperative complications 2 3 0.799 Arrhythmia 1 1 Systemic complications 1 0 Air leakage 0 1 Chylothorax 0 1 3. Discussions Single-port thoracoscopic technique was first reported to diagnose and treat non-complicated pleura-related disease in 2003[7]. In 2004, it was used in pulmonary wedge resection by Rocco et al.[8]. Seven years later, single-port thoracoscopic technique was reported to conduct lobectomy and lymphadenectomy by Gonzalez et al[9]. Since then, it was applied gradually in segment resection of lung [10], total pneumonectomy [11], bronchial sleeve resection [12] and angioplasty of pulmonary arteries [13]. However, most available literature focused on the feasibility and safety of single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy, and no studies compared it with three-port thoracoscopic lobectomy. The presented study retrospectively investigated the differences of clinical outcomes between single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy and three-port thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer. Jiang et al. [14] compared 160 cases of thoracoscopic lobectomy and 247 cases of conventional open surgery and found no signific ant differences in perioperative death (0.6% vs. 2.8%) and complication rate (9.4% vs. 11.7%) (P>0.05). It is indicated that thoracoscopic lobectomy was technically safe to treat NSCLC. Similarly in our study, the complication rates were 6.7% and 10.0% for single-port group and three-port group, respectively. However, there were no deaths during perioperative period in our study. Therefore, our study indicated that single-port lobectomy was at least technically safe compared with three-port group. The vital factor for radical resection of lung cancer by single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy was the dissection of lymph nodes. Jiang et al. [14] found no significant differences in dissection of lymph node groups (2.4 ±1.5 vs. 2.6 ±1.6) and lymph node harvest (9.8 ±6.2 vs. 9.9 ±5.9) between thoracoscopic lobectomy group and conventional open surgery group (P> 0.05). Similarly, Zhang et al.[15] found no significant differences in lymph node harvests (14.6 ±7.5 vs. 15.2 ±4.5) between video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery group and video-assisted micro thoracoscopy group. That was to say, the lymph node dissection by thoracoscopic lobectomy was at least equivalent to that by open surgery. In the presented study, there were no significant differences in total lymph node harvest (23.6 ±11.2 vs.25.4 ±7.3), mediastinal lymph node harvest (16.2 ±9.2 vs. 17.2 ±6.5), dissection of mediastinal lymph node groups (4.4 ±1.0 vs. 4.4 ±0.8) between the single-port group and th ree-port group. These results suggested that the lymph node harvest was at least equivalent to the previous studies. In other words, the dissection of lymph nodes by single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy was feasible in respect of radical removal of tumors. However, the long-term outcomes need further follow-up to confirm in the future. The incision of single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy was located at the cross point of anterior axillary line and the 4th/5th intercostal spaces, which, unlike conventional three-port thoracoscopy, did not have observation port or assisted-operation port. The 4th/5th intercostal spaces were wider with less muscle and less bleeding, which might have little impact on the postoperative recover with less pain. After comparing 20 cases of three-port thoracoscopic lobectomy and 10 cases of single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy in treating interstitial lung disease, Chen et al.[16] found that postoperative one-day VAS in single-port group (4.95 ±0.39) was significantly lower than that in three-port group (4.5 ±0.7) (P=0.03). Similarly in our study, postoperative one-day VAS in single-port group (3.6 ±0.7) was significantly lower than that in three-port group (5.5 ±1.0) (P In the presented study, the operation time (209.0 ±45.5 min) in single-port group was significantly lower than that in three-port group (154.5 ±30.9 min). The reasons included 1) all the operating instruments and thoracoscopy went through the single port, which might interfere each other, especially when the focus was near the dorsal cavity and diaphragm. 2) single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy had a strict skill requirement of qualified camera assistant. The camera assistant was supposed to know how to cooperate with the operator, how to allocate the location within the incision, and how to keep the camera stable. Our operation team launched the single-port-thoracoscopic lobectomy since May 2014, and we believed that the operation time would be shortened as we optimized our technique gradually. In summary, the feasibility and safety of single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy were similar to three-port thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer patients. With the development of instruments, the optimization of surgical procedure, and the accumulation of surgical experience, the operation time would likely be shortened gradually. Therefore, single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy was supposed to be popularized with its merits of minimal invasiveness.

Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimer's Disease is a condition that affects 50% of the population over the age of eighty five, which equals four million Americans each year. It is becoming an important and high-profile issue in today's society for everyone. There are rapid advancements being made in the fight against this disease now more than ever, and the purpose of this essay is to educate the public on the background as well as the new discoveries. There are many new drugs that are being tested and studied every day which slow down, and may even halt the progress of the disease. In explaining this debilitating disease, it seems there are certain major areas that need to be addressed such as the history of the disease, the symptoms and diagnosis, as well as the emotional and physical cost to the patient and to the family. The definition of the illness seems to be unclear for many because the disease is so unpredictable. Until recently a precise definition of the disease was unavailable due to the difficulty in diagnosis. It is fairly complex, and despite many new breakthroughs it still remains impossible to diagnose a patient with certainty. A great deal of this is because the only exact diagnosis made is after a post-mortem brain examination. Alzheimer's Disease is the most overdiagnosed and misdiagnosed mental disorder in older adults because it is often decided only by ruling out all other possibilities such as dementias caused by medications, strokes, depression and other neurological disorders. However with new research in detection and prevention, a clear explication is now attainable for the public. Alzheimer's Disease is defined as "A dementing disorder marked by certain brain changes, regardless of the age of onset, that leads to the loss... ...eases-and-Disorders/Nervous-System-Diseases/ Central-Nervous-System-Diseases/Brain-Diseases/Alzheimer's Disease.html 11. http://moe.csa.com/alzintro.html    Sources:    Text    Advances In Alzheimer's Research Spring 2004, Vol.1, Number 1 Hager, Mary and Peyser, Marc, "Battling Alzheimer's", Newsweek, March 24, 2004, p.66 Websites    1. http://www.kcc.com.msu.edu/CAI/Pathology/Degen_F/Degen_2a.html Date visited: March 28, 2009 2. gopher://gopher.nimh.hih.gov/00/documents/nimh/other/alzh Date visited: March 25, 2009 3. http://www.cais.com/adear/nianews11.html Date visited: March 28, 2009 4. tornado.einet.net:8000/galaxy/medicine/Diseases-and- Disorders/Nervous-System-Diseases/Central-Nervous-System-Diseases/Brain-Diseases/Alzheimer's Disease.html Date visited: March 28. 2009 5. http://moe.csa.com/alzintro.html Date visited: April 30, 2009

The Second World War (WWII) :: World War 2 II Two

World War 2 Introduction World War 2 was one of the many wars that occurred during the 20th century. During this brutal war many countries, people, and history were changed. The factors that encourged the Germans and Japanese forces allowed them to take over other countries and kill many of people. Now, years later, from a different point of view, the Germans and Japanese accomplished nothing but just killing innocent people. The greediness behind the Germans and Japanese in the 20th century would change everybodys lives forever. How Did This War Start The Germans had a powerful army in the 1930's. They had a very powerful leader named Adolf Hitler. He was a greedy man who wanted everyone blonde hair, and blue eyes. He wanted everyone the same and to be the only leader in the world. Hitler started his conquest for land in 1938 when he annexed Austria. He followed this by threatening Czechoslovakia. When Hitler increased his demands on the Czechs, war seemed almost certain. The British and French had meetings with Hitler and Mussoluni but they could not stop them from putting demands on other country's. Soon after the meetings Hitler captured Czechoslovakia and seized a former German port. He moved on by putting demands on Poland and the Polish Corridor. In September 1939 France and Britain agreed to support Poland and they soon declared war with Germany. How Did The US Get IntoThe War First of all Japan has no natural resources in their country. So being that they replied on their oil products from the US. In July 27 1941, President Roosevelt stopped all trading with the Japanese. That meaning now that Japan has no fuel to run their military forces. Japan forces then went and attacked the East Indies and took over all of their fuel. Shell was the company that owned most of the fuel products in the East Indies. Shell's head office was in England which led European forces to be in the war against Japan and Germany. When the US stopped trading with Japan they took this as a hostile act but, Japan still tried to make peace with them. A Japan ambassador even asked for a peace discussion with the secretary of state. The meeting did not go threw with the 2 nations. Japan then attacked Atu (an island off of Alaska) in hopes to draw the American forces up North. Japan was wrong , but soon after this they planned out a sneak attack on Pearl Harbour (a military base for the Americans in Hawaii). The Americans had a small idea that the Japanese might attack them. On the Morning of December 7, 1941 a flight of planes were detected, but the people in Pearl Harbour were told that they were US fighter planes coming in

America Needs Random Drug Testing in Schools Essay -- Essays on Drug T

Ron Rodriguez from County Academy used drugs every day to function. He became so wrapped up in his lifestyle of buying and selling drugs that he felt like a prisoner. His grades dropped below average. For 2 years, he asked for help saying, â€Å"Should I go see a therapist?† to anyone that would listen. Ron would flush his system out before the annual drug test, and pass. When County Academy decided to give random drug test instead of annual tests, Ron received the help he needed. The school counseled him, in privacy, and told him he needed to go to rehab. Ron received the help he needed because County Academy found a student whose life was being taken over by drugs and helped influence him to get the proper help he needed. Today, Ron attends County Academy as a junior; he is drug free. This story serves as a great example of how drug testing helps keep students away from using drugs. Drug testing students can help prevent the use of a mind altering substance. Testin g potentially offers guidance for logical decisions to be made. A school having random drug tests could help lessen drug use and offer help to those feeling controlled by substance addiction. Drug testing in schools are a potential way of enabling better brain development. Testing can teach a student about becoming employed, for most jobs require a drug test for pre-employment and future employment. Drug test teach students to be accountable for their own actions. Non-prescribed drugs are currently illegal for children and adults to use for personal satisfaction, such as achieving a euphoric state of mind or selling for profit. Drug testing in schools is a positive reinforcement on students. Testing for drugs among a student body can help prevent drug use. Pro... ... from poor efforts exerted in the classroom. Drug test are a positive reinforcement in helping students. Helping students find their full potential are a schools main goal. If random drug test would have been applied sooner at County Academy, Ron probably would have not had to suffer through drug addiction. If students would understand those drug tests are actually there to help them, they wouldn’t fear taking a drug test. Drug test are a positive reinforcement. Works Cited Walters, John P. "Student Drug Testing Is Necessary." Opposing Viewpoints: Privacy. Ed. Jamuna Carroll. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2006. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. University of West Alabama. 16 Mar. 2010 .